SURFACE FINISHES

AR. RAMANPREET KAUR

 Surface finishes

• Both the exterior and interior parts of a building.

• A wide range of surface treatments to horizontal
surfaces (floors and ceilings) and
• vertical surfaces (walls) fixed to the main structural
elements of the building (floor and ceiling slabs, block
walls or stud walls) to complete or enhance the
aesthetic experience of interior and exterior parts of a
building.
 WHITE WASHING

• White washing and colour washing of surfaces of building is

necessary on both hygenic and aesthetic reasons. In order to
obtain a clean, neat and uniform finish,
• it is necessary to adopt proper method for both preparation of
surface to receive white wash or colour wash.
 PROCESS OF WHITE WASHING

• Preparation of white wash – White wash is

prepared from fat lime. 5 litres of water
added to 1 kg lime allowed to stand for 24
hrs.
• Preparation of surface – The new surface
should be thoroughly cleaned off all dirt,
dust mortar and other foreign matter before
white wash is applied.
• Application of White wash – It is applied with
brush, to the specified number of
coats(generally 3). Operation in each coat
should consist of a stroke of the brush given
from top downwards, another from the
bottom upwards.
 DISTEMPERING

• Distempers are considered to be water paints.

• Distemper is also known as cement paint. So because such
kind of paint can be applied directly on cement walls
without any other coating on them. This is an oil
based paint and
• It gives a shine to the walls.
• Being better in quality and a little costlier.

A distemper is composed of the following:

• A Base, such as whiting or chalk
• A carrier (water)
• A Binder, such as glue or casein
• Colouring pigments
 PROCESS OF DISTEMPERING

• Preparation of surface – the surface to be distempered

should be thoroughly rubbed and cleaned .
• Priming Coat – After cleaning the prepared surface,
priming coat should be applied.
• Coats of Distempers – Distemper is applied in 2-3 coats.
 VARNISHING

• Varnish is a solution of resins in alcohol

or oil. It is applied on wood surfaces
with the following objects…
• To intensify the appearance of natural
grains in wood.
• To render brilliancy to the painted
surface.
• To protect the painted surface from
atmospheric action.
• To protect unpainted wooden surfaces
of doors, windows, floors, roof trusses
etc. from atmospheric action.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD VARNISH

• It should dry quickly.

• The protective film obtained on drying should be hard,
tough, durable, and resistant to wear.
• The finished surface should be uniform in nature and
pleasing in appearance.
• It should exhibit a glossy surface.
• It should not shrink or show cracks on drying.
• The colour should not fade with time.
 TYPES OF VARNISHES
• Oil Varnishes – These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in
which hard resins such as amber and copal are dissolved by
heating. These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and durable
surface.
• Spirit Varnishes – These are methylated spirit of wine as
solvent in which soft resins such as lac are dissolved. They dry
quickly.
• Turpentine Varnishes – They use turpentine as solvent in which
soft resins such as gum dammer are dissolved.
• Water Varnishes – These are formed by dissolving shellac in
hot water.
 PROCESS OF VARNISHING

• Preparation of surface – wood surface is made smooth

by rubbing against sand paper
• Knotting – knotting is carried out exactly in the same
way as adopted for painting wood work.
• Stopping – done by means hot weak glue size that pores
of the surface are filled.
• Coat of varnish – on the cleaned suface, two or more
coats of varnish are applied.
 PAINTS & PAINTING

• Paints are liquid components of pigments and binders which

when applied to the surface in thin coats, dry to form a solid
film to impart the surface a decorative finish, apart from giving
protection to the base material (i.e., concrete, masonry &
plaster surface) from weathering, corrosion & other chemical
and biological attacks.

WHY PAINTING?
• Paints preserve timber structures against warping and decay.
• Most of the metals corrode if not painted at suitable interval.
• Painting on surfaces impart decoration and sanitation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PAINT

• Paint should form hard and durable surface

• It should give attractive appearance
• It should be cheap & readily available
• It should be such that it can be applied easily to the surfaces
• It should have good spreading quality, so as to cover
maximum area in minimum quantity
• It should dry in reasonable time
• It should not show hair cracks on drying
• It should form film of uniform colour, on drying
• It should be stable for a longer period
• It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies
 CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT
A Paint is generally made up of following constituents:
1. BASE - A base is a solid substance in a form of fine powder,
forming the bulk of a paint. It is generally a metallic oxide. A
base in a paint provides opaque coating to hide the surface to
be painted. Commonly used Bases are White Lead, Red Lead,
Oxides of Iron and Zinc.
2. BINDER – These are liquid substances which hold the different
in gradients of a paint in liquid suspension. It makes the paint
to spread evenly on the surface. Commonly used Binders are
Tug oil, Linseed oil, poppy oil.
3. DRIER – Driers are used to accelerate the process of drying and
hardening by extracting oxygen from atmosphere and
transferring it to the Binder. However driers reduces elasticity
of the paint and hence should not be used in the final coat.
Litharge is the most commonly used Drier.
4. COLOURING PIGMENT - Colouring pigments are added to the
base to have different desired colours.
5. SOLVENTS – Solvents are added to paint to make it thin so
that it can be easily applied on surfaces. It also helps the paint
in penetrating through the porous surface of the background.
Commonly used solvents are Water, Alcohol, Naphtha, Benzene.
 CLASSIFICATION & TYPES OF PAINTS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON BINDERS:
• Oil Paints
• Paints based on non-oil resins
• Cellulose paints
• Water based Paints
• Miscellaneous paints

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ULTIMATE USE:

• General purpose paints, including primers, under-coat paint and
finishing coat paints.
• Acid and alkali resistant paints
• Fire resistant paints
• Fungicidal paints
• Miscellaneous paints
 MIXED CLASSIFICATION : TYPES OF PAINTS
• Aluminium paints
• Anti corrosive paints
• Asbestos paints
• Bronze paints
• Cellulose Paints
• Colloidal Pints
• Enamel Paints
• Cement based paints
• Emulsion paints
• Oil paints
• Plastic paints
• Synthetic paints
• Silicate paints
 PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES

• Painting on new wood work

• Re-painting old work
• Painting new iron and steel work
• Re-Painting new iron and steel work
• Painting Galvanized Iron work
• Painting other metals
• Painting Plastered Surfaces
 DEFECTS IN PAINTING
• Blistering - caused due to formation of bubbles under the film
of paint
• Bloom – dull patches are formed on finished polished surface
• Crawling or Sagging – due to more thickness of a paint
• Fading – gradual loss of colour of paint, due to effect of
sunlight on paint
• Flaking – dislocation or loosening of some portion of painted
surface.
• Flashing – formation of glossy patches on paint surface,
resulting from bad workmanship or cheap paint.
• Grinning – caused when the final coat does not have sufficient
opacity so that background is clearly seen.
• Running – occurs when surface to be painted is too smooth.
• Sponification – formation of soap patches on the painted
surfaces due to chemical action