The Leadership Experience

by
Richard L. Daft
4th Edition

IBA
 Chapter 1

What does it mean to be a Leader?

Definition of Leadership:

An influence relationship among leaders and

followers who intend real changes and

outcomes that reflect their shared purposes.

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Leadership & The Business of Living

• “If we stop equating leadership with greatness

and public visibility, it becomes easier to see
our own opportunities for leadership and
recognize the leadership of people we interact
with every day”
• Leadership is an everyday way of acting and
thinking that has little to do with a title or
formal position in an organization

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The New Reality for Today’s Organizations

• A paradigm is a shared mindset that

represents a fundamental thinking about,
perceiving, and understanding the world.
• Rapid changes in the environment are forcing
leaders to shift from a stable, traditional
environment to a more dynamic
environment, it is forcing a shift to a new
paradigm

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The New Reality for Leadership:
• NEW
OLD Paradigm
Paradigm
Change, crisis management
Stability
Empowerment
Control
Collaboration
Competition
Diversity
Uniformity
Higher ethical purposes
Self-centered
Humble
Hero

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Comparing Management & Leadership

• Management can be defined as the attainment of

organizational goals in an effective and efficient
manner through planning, organizing, staffing,
directing, and controlling organizational resources.

• Managers and leaders are not inherently different

types of people. Both management and leadership
are essential in organizations and must be integrated
effectively to lead to high performance

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Comparing Management & Leadership

1. Providing direction
2. Aligning followers.
3. Building relationships
4. Developing personal leadership qualities
5. Creating outcomes

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 Ex. 1.3 Comparing Management and
Leadership
Management Leadership

Direction Planning and budgeting Creating vision and strategy

Keeping eye on bottom line Keeping eye on horizon

Alignment Organizing and staffing Creating shared culture and values

Directing and controlling Helping others grow
Creating boundaries Reducing boundaries

Relationships Focusing on objects – Focusing on people – inspiring and

producing/selling goods and motivating followers
services Based on personal power
Based on position power Acting as coach, facilitator, servant
Acting as boss

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 Ex. 1.3 (contd.)
Management Leadership

Personal Qualities Emotional distance Emotional connections (Heart)

Expert mind Open mind (Mindfulness)
Talking Listening (Communication)
Conformity Nonconformity (Courage)
Insight into organization Insight into self (Character)

Outcomes Maintains stability; creates Creates change and a culture of integrity

culture of efficiency

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Evolving Theories of Leadership:
• Great Man Theories – Leaders were born with
certain heroic leadership traits and natural
abilities of power & influence.
• Trait Theories – If traits could be identified,
leaders could be identified, leaders could be
predicted even trained.
• Behavior Theories – Concerned with how a
leader behaved toward followers & how this
correlated with leadership effectiveness
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 Evolving Theories of Leadership: (Contd.)

• Contingency Theories – The idea is that leaders

can analyze their situations and tailor their
behavior to improve leadership effectiveness.
Also called situational theories, emphasize that
leadership cannot be understood in a vacuum.
• Influence Theories – Theories examine influence
processes between leaders and followers.
Primary topic of study is charismatic leadership

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Evolving Theories of Leadership: (Contd.)

• Relational Theories – Concentrates on the

relational aspect, that is, how leaders and
followers interact and influence one another.
Rather than being seen as what a leader does
to followers, leadership is viewed as a
relational process that meaningfully engages
all participants and enables each person to
contribute to achieving the vision

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A Model of Leadership Evolution:
• Leadership Era 1:
 Maybe conceptualized as pre-industrial & pre-
bureaucratic.
 Era of “great man leadership” and the
emphasis on personal traits of leaders.

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 A Model of Leadership Evolution:
• Leadership Era 2:
 Emergence of hierarchy and bureaucracy.
 The rise of the “rational leader” who directs
and controls others using an impersonal
approach.
 Employees not expected to think, only follow.
 Focus on detail as compared to the big
picture.
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 A Model of Leadership Evolution:
• Leadership Era 3:
 The sudden and drastic changes from the 70’s
onwards forced managers to adapt to unstable
environments. Techniques of rational management
were no longer applicable.
 Era sees the shift to knowledge work and horizontal
collaboration and a shift to influence theories.
 Leadership is shared among team leaders and
followers, mostly based on who has the most
knowledge in a situation
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 A Model of Leadership Evolution:
• Leadership Era 4:
 Era 4 represents the learning leader, a leader
who has giving up control in the traditional
sense.
 Leaders emphasize relations and networks
and they influence others through vision and
values rather than power and control.
 Era 4 represents leadership beyond rational
and even team leadership

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Implications:
• Issues of diversity, team leadership,
empowerment and horizontal relationships
are increasingly relevant.
• In addition many leaders are rapidly shifting
into Era 3 and 4 leadership by focusing on
change management and facilitating a vision
and values to transform their companies into
learning organizations.
• Era 3 & 4 is what much of this course is about

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Leadership is Not Automatic:
• Attempts to achieve collaboration, empowerment,
and diversity in organizations may fail because the
beliefs and thought processes of leaders as well as
followers are stuck in an old paradigm that values
control, stability and homogeneity.
• Important aspect of new paradigm of leadership is
the ability to use human skills to build a culture of
performance, trust and collaboration.
• The inability to surround oneself with good people
and help them to learn and contribute can doom a
top leader
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Learning the Art & Science of Leadership:

• Leadership is an art because many leadership

skills and qualities cannot be learnt from a
textbook. It requires practice and hands on
experience, as well as intense personal
exploration and development.
• It is a science because a growing body of
knowledge and objective facts describes the
leadership process and how to use leadership
skills to attain organizational goals.

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