GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2
 Topic:

GB2 Mendel’s
Law of
Inheritance
Presentation title 2
• Gregor Mendel (1822-1880)
– “Father of Modern
Genetics”; used garden peas
(Pisum sativum) to show the
basin pattern of inheritance
from parents to offspring
3
-The success of Mendel’s experiments to
explain the basic pattern of inheritance
may be attributed to his good choice of
experimental organism (Pisum sativum)
because they are easy to grow, easy to
artificially hybridize (self-pollinating
plants), has short life cycle, with a large
number of offspring in a single cross.
4
- According to Mendel, there exists a pair
of genetic material (alleles) in every
organism that segregate during gamete
formation. These genetic materials
(genotype) found in gametes are
responsible for the observable
characteristics (phenotype) of the
resulting new individual when gametes
fuse during fertilization. 5
Contrasting alleles exhibited by garden peas used by Gregor Mendel
in his breeding experiments
Monohybrid Cross
-The round seed (R) allele is dominant
over the wrinkled seed (r) allele. When
pure breed of the round-seeded garden
pea plant (homozygous round or RR) was
used in the breeding experiment with
another pure breed of wrinkle seeded
garden pea plant (homozygous wrinkled
or rr), a heterozygous round (Rr) pea
plant will be generated. 8
Punnett Square (Reginald
•

Punnett) – a square diagram

that is used to predict
genotypes of a particular
cross or breeding experiment

9
Law of Segregation – first law
•

of heredity; in a monohybrid
cross, a pair of homologous
chromosome will segregate
during gamete formation

10
 When Mendel
performed a cross between
a pea plant with
homozygous round and
homozygous yellow seed
(RRYY) with a pea plant
with homozygous wrinkled
and homozygous green
seed (rryy), all offspring
(F1) registered round
yellow seeds (RrYy).
 RY RY
ry RYr RYr
y y
ry RYr RYr
Mendelian Postulates:
• Unit factors in pairs – the genetic
characteristics are controlled by unit factors
that exist in pairs in individual organism.
• Dominance and recessiveness – when two
unlike unit factors responsible for a single
trait are present in an individual, one unit
factor is dominant to the other, which is
said to be recessive.
• Segregation – during the formation of
gametes, the paired unit factors segregate
randomly so that each gamete receives
one or the other with equal likelihood.
• Independent assortment – during
gamete formation, segregating pairs of
unit factors are assorted independently of
each other.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAITS IN
HUMANS
DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Free Earlobe Attached Earlobe

Cleft Chin No Cleft Chin

 DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Widow’s Peak No Widow’s Peak

Ability to roll tongue Inability to roll tongue

 DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Straight Thumb Hitchhiker’s Thumb

Arm folding with right on top Arm folding with left on top
 DOMINANT RECESSIVE
With Dimples Without Dimples
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
DOMINANT Definition
Huntington Disease - is a
condition that stops parts of the
brain working properly over time. It's
passed on (inherited) from a person's
parents. It gets gradually worse over
time and is usually fatal after a period
of up to 20 years.
Marfan Syndrome - is a genetic condition that affects
connective tissue, which provides
support for the body and organs.
Marfan syndrome can damage the
blood vessels, heart, eyes, skin, lungs,
and the bones of the hips, spine, feet,
and rib cage.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
DOMINANT Definition
Congenital Night Blindness  -is a disorder of the retina, which is
the specialized tissue at the back of
the eye that detects light and color.
People with this condition typically
have difficulty seeing and
distinguishing objects in low light
(night blindness).
Neurofibromatosis
- a group of genetic disorders that
cause tumors to form on nerve
tissue. These tumors can develop
anywhere in the nervous system,
including the brain, spinal cord and
nerves.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
DOMINANT Definition
Porphyria  -refers to a group of disorders that result
from a buildup of natural chemicals that
produce porphyrin in your body. Porphyrins
are essential for the function of hemoglobin
— a protein in your red blood cells that links
to porphyrin, binds iron, and carries oxygen
to your organs and tissues.
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome

- is a group of inherited disorders that

affect your connective tissues —
primarily your skin, joints and blood
vessel walls.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
DOMINANT Definition
Hypercholesterolemia  -is a lipid disorder in which your
low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad
cholesterol, is too high. This makes
fat collect in your arteries
(atherosclerosis), which puts you at a
higher risk of heart attack and stroke.
Achondroplasia - is a genetic condition affecting a
protein in the body called the fibroblast
growth factor receptor. In
achondroplasia, this protein begins to
function abnormally, slowing down the
growth of bone in the cartilage of the
growth plate.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
RECESSIVE Definition
Alkaptonuria  -“black urine disease”; is a very rare
inherited disorder that prevents the body
fully breaking down two protein building
blocks (amino acids) called tyrosine and
phenylalanine. It results in a build-up of a
chemical called homogentisic acid in the
body.
Color Blindness
If you have color blindness, it
means you see colors differently than
most people. Most of the time, color
blindness makes it hard to tell the
difference between certain colors.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
RECESSIVE Definition
Cystic Fibrosis
 - is an inherited disorder that causes severe
damage to the lungs, digestive system and
other organs in the body. Cystic fibrosis
affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat
and digestive juices. These secreted fluids
are normally thin and slippery.
Muscular Dystrophy
- a genetic disorder that
causes muscle weakness
which decreases mobility,
making everyday tasks
difficult.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
RECESSIVE Definition
Hemophilia
- is usually an inherited bleeding
disorder in which the blood does not
clot properly. This can lead to
spontaneous bleeding as well as
bleeding following injuries or
surgery.  
Sickle-Cell Anemia
- is a genetic disease that block blood flow
to organs and deprive the affected organs of
blood and oxygen. In sickle cell anemia,
blood is also chronically low in oxygen.
This lack of oxygen-rich blood can damage
nerves and organs, including kidneys, liver
and spleen, and can be fatal.
 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE HUMAN DISEASES
RECESSIVE Definition
Tay-Sachs Disease
- caused by the absence of an enzyme that
helps break down fatty substances. These
fatty substances, called gangliosides, build
up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal
cord and affect the function of the nerve
cells. 
Phenylketonuria
- causes a build-up of phenylalanine
(an amino acid) in the blood. This can
cause mental retardation, behavioral
and movement problems, seizures,
and delayed development.
 END OF LESSON

Presentation title 30