POINTERS TO REVIEW IN EDUC 102 Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Stages of Prenatal Period

1. Germinal Stage

 Some are known as early as birth while others
appear later in life
 Studies have shown that there are more than
4000
Cell division begins approximately 24-36 hours after
conception
Morula (3-4 days after fertilization)
Blastocyst (4-5 days after fertilization)

human genetic disorder which either caused by
recessive gene and dominant gene
 Genetics plays a major role in development.
However, in some cases genetic problems can
emerge that may impact both current and future
development
Down Syndrome
 also known as trisomy 21
 The most common genetic abnormality during
prenatal development which is caused by an
extra
chromosome on the 21st pair (there are 3 chromosomes
instead of the usual 2)
 Typical features include flattened facial features,
heart defects and intellectual disability
Inherited diseases
 A number of illness can be inherited if one or
both
parents carry a gene for the disease
 Genetic tests can often determine if a parent is a
carrier of genes for a specific disease
As cells multiply, they will separate into two distinctive
masses
Placenta – outer cells
Embryo – inner cells
Blastocyst
• Endoderm – inner layer (which will become the
digestive and respiratory system)
• Mesoderm – middle layer (which will become the
muscle and skeletal system)
• Ectoderm – outer layer (which will become the skin
and nervous system)
Implantation – happens when the blastocyst arrives at
the uterus and attached to the uterine wall When
implantation is successful, hormonal changes halt a
woman’s normal menstrual cycle and cause a whole host
of physical changes
Teratogen - substances or diseases that can cause birth
defect
Kinds of Birth
Natural Childbirth- refer to vaginal labor and delivery
with limited to no medical intervention
Caesarean Delivery (C-section)- may be necessary for
the safety of expectant mother and the baby, especially
when one of these complications is present ;

Sex-Chromosomal Abnormalities • When the baby is not in the head-down position

1. Klinefelter’s syndrome – when a boy is born • When the baby is too large to pass through the
with an extra copy of the X chromosomes; also
pelvis
known as 47 or XXY
2. Turner syndrome – chromosomal condition • When the baby is in distress
that affects the development in females; missing
one of their X chromosomes APGAR

Sex Determination in Human Being Appearance (skin color)

The twenty-third pair consists of sex chromosomes Pulse

Multiple Births Grimace (reflex irritability)

Identical twins (monozygotic) Activity

Respiration
Neonatal Reflexes
essential for a newborn's survival
Moro Reflex- outstretching of the arms and legs in
response to a loud noise or sudden change in the
environment
Sucking Reflex- occurs when an object touches the lips
Rooting Reflex- turning of an infant’s head toward a
stimulus such as a breast or hand
Grasping Reflex (Palmar Grasp)- vigorous grasping of
an object that touches the palm
Stepping (or Walking) Reflex- moves legs when held
upright with feet touching the floor
Tonic Neck Reflex- the arm on the side extends while
the opposite arm bends at the elbow (fencing position)
Babinski Reflex- outward projection of the big toe and
fanning of the others when the sole of the foot is touched
Motor Development
Gross Motor Development- require the coordination of
the large muscle groups of the body, such as the arms,
legs, and trunk
Fine Motor Development- concerned with the
coordination of the smaller muscles of the body
including hands and face
Two Principles of Physical/Motor Development
Cephalocaudal Law – Children’s muscle control
develop from head to toe direction
Proximodistal Law – Children develop their motor
skills from the center of their bodies outward
Toilet Training
Most children are toilet trained by the age 5 or 6
Children normally master toilet training tasks in a
specific
developmental order
1. Learn to notice the warning signals and react in time
to
master daytime defecation and then night time
defecation
2. Learn how to react to their bodies’ signals for daytime
urination
3. Night time urination (bed wetting) is the hardest for
young children to control
BIOLOGICAL THEORY
Explained children’s development in terms of innate
biological processes
Heredity plays an important role in growth and
development of the individual
Genes – hereditary factor that carry the traits that were
contributed by the parents
DNA – (Deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule composed of
two chains that coil around each other to form a double
helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the
growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of
all known living organisms and many viruses.
Chromosomes – a threadlike structure of nucleic acids
and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells,
carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Genotype – determine the features or trait of an
organism
Allele – variants of a gene
(Dominant and Recessive Allele)
Homozygous – contain two identical alleles
Heterozygous – two alleles are different
Phenotype – expression of the genotype; depends on a
complex interaction between genes and the environment
Polygenic traits – influenced by multiple genes
interacting with the environment in complex ways
Dominant traits – traits that are passed on from
generation to generation; appeared in all first generation
offspring
Recessive traits – appeared in about 1-quarter of the
second generation offspring
Punnett Square
– devised by Reginald C. Punnett
– used to predict the possible
genotypes of an offspring that may affect the expression
of the phenotype
Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics
• He formulated three laws that explain how traits are
transferred from generation to generation
Law of Dominance – the presence of one dominant gene
may mask or prevent the expression of recessive gene.
Law of Segregation – a pair of genes is separated during
the formation of gametes with every independent trait or
characteristics developing
Law of Independent Assortment – the separation of
gene pairs on a given pair of chromosomes and the
distribution of the genes during meiosis are entirely
independent of the distribution of other gene pairs on the
other pair of chromosomes. Each trait can hence be
paired with the other trait in the pair.
ECOLOGICAL THEORY
• Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
• some systems help human development
Microsystem – locale in which the individual lives; help
shape the individual (family, peers, neighbourhood)
Mesosystem – relationship between and among the parts
of microsystem
Exosystem – includes the other people and places the MATURATION THEORY
individual may not interact with but still has a large • The maturation theory was introduced in 1925 by the
effect American psychologist Arnold Lucius Gesell, who was
Macrosystem – Most distant set of people but still has a also a pediatrician and educator.
great influence • The studies carried out by Gesell focused on finding
Chronosystem – result of the individual’s experience in out how development occurred during childhood and
his life; includes the transitions and shifts in one's adolescence, both in children without any
lifespan. This may also involve the sociohistorical psychopathology or those who showed a different
contexts that may influence a person. pattern of learning and development than expected.
• According to their theory of maturation, all children go
through the same stages of development in the same
order but not necessarily presenting them at the same
time. That is, each child goes at their own pace, but the
expected thing is that they do the learning in the same
sequence.