Unit 2: Elements of Education Fertilization – contact and recognition, sperm entry, egg

activation, fusion to form zygote.

 The learner as an organism
 Capable of growth and development 2 cell to morula stage – achieved through cleavage

Development as a response to:  Morula stage (72 hours after contact)

 Blastocyst (4 days) – mass of cells
 Phylogenetic functions
 Functions common to the human race Blastula – inner cell mass (will form the embryo)

Phylogeny Trophoblast – outer cell mass (will form the placenta)

 Development of students in learning Implantation

 More on physiological aspect - on the endometrial lining of the uterus
 Ontogenetic functions
Gastrulation
 Functions specific to the individual
 Development as a whole (mental, - germ layer formation (group of tissues that interact
emotional, spiritual etc.) with each other to create organ)
 Adaptation & change (learning)
- mutations (defects), difference of learning
Relative Human Life Span
Fates of the germ layers
1. Prenatal period – conception to birth
 Ectoderm – covering the body
2. Infancy – birth to end of second week
 Mesoderm – muscles and connective tissues,
3. Babyhood – end of second week to end of
blood vessels, lining epithelium
second year
4. Early childhood – two to six years  Endoderm – GIT and its glands
5. Late childhood – six to 12 years Neurulation – formation of the neural plate, neural
6. Adolescence – 13 to 18 years folds and neural tube
7. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years
8. Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years Organogenesis – starts & ends with neurogenesis

Essential Concepts STAGES OF PRE- NATAL DEVELOPMENT

Cell and Cell types- Somatic Cells and Sex Cells Germinal (Product is zygote) -> Embryonic -> Fatal

Cell Division types- Mitosis (Somatic Cells) and Meiosis  Zygote – Fertilization to week 2
(Sex Cells)  Embryo – End of week 2 to week 8
 Fetus – End of week 8 to birth
Growth due to hyperplasia (increase number of cells)
and hypertrophy (increase size of cells) Significance of prenatal period for future development
& implications to learning
Gametogenesis - the process in which cells undergo
meiosis to form gametes.  Hereditary Endowment
 Develop traits
 Spermatogenesis (23 chromosomes) and
 It is said that 80 – 85% comes from the
Oogenesis (23 chromosomes)
mother
Haploid – 23 XX- Female  Gender
Diploid – 46 XY – Male Male – Spatial
Female – Memorization and intuition
  Teratogens/Exogenous STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
 Affects gastrulation onwards
 Hindbrain – lowest level of the brain
 Causes defects during gastrulation
o Medulla – breathing and reflexes
 Caused by something external
o Cerebellum – motor coordination
 Other developmental irregularities
o Pons – sleep and arousal
 Ordinal Position
 Midbrain – connects the lower and the higher
 Depends on the upbringing
portions of the brain
 Prematurity
 Reticular formation – stereotyped
Pre term babies – have difficulty in learning
patterns such as walking
Menopausal babies
 Brain Stem – basic survival functions such
STAGES AFTER BIRTH as breathing, heartbeat, and blood
pressure
Childhood
 Forebrain – highest level of the brain
 Development of brain and CNS
Limbic System
 Development of gross (large muscle) motor skills
and sensory (senses) motor skills o Amygdala – discrimination of objects
necessary for organism’s survival
Pubertal Stage
o Hippocampus – memory
 Puberty – “maturity”
Thalamus – relays information between lower and
Females – 10 ½ years old
higher brain centers.
Males – 12 ½ years old
Characteristics: Insecurities (difference) Basal ganglia – controls and coordinates voluntary
Hormonal imbalances movements

Adulthood Hypothalamus – governs eating and drinking and

sex; plays a role in emotion and stress
 Matured physiological characteristics
 How you manage people & environment Cerebral Cortex – highest region of the forebrain
and most recently developed part of the brain
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Occipital Lobe – vision
Cognition Temporal Lobe – hearing, language, processing, and
- The way in which information is processed and memory
manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing Frontal Lobe – control of voluntary muscles, intelligence
Characteristics and personality
Parietal Lobe - registering spatial location, attention,
 Complexity and motor control
 Integration – more on comprehension
(memorization)
 Adaptability
 Electrochemical Transmission: sensory
output/motor

Plasticity
- The brain’s special capacity for modification and
change
 Characteristics: Children use symbolic thinking.
Implications to Learning Including language to understand the world. Thinking is
egocentric, causing children to understand the world
Left Side of the Brain Right Side of the Brain from their own perspective.
Speech Creativity
Analysis Pattern Gains: The imagination flourishes and language
Time Spatial becomes a significant means of self- expression & of
Sequence Context influence from the others.
Recognizes: Recognizes:
Words Faces
Letter Places
Numbers Objects
Analytic Thought Holistic Thought
Logic Intuition
Language Creativity
Science and Math Art & Music

THEORY (STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT)

 Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

 Development occurs in stages that evolve via
equilibrium, in which children seek a balance
between what they encounter in their
environment & cognitive processes and
structures they have.

Equilibrium involves three stages:

 Equilibrium – Occurs when child’s existing mode

of thought, existing schemes and adequate for
confronting & adapting to the challenges of
environment.
 Assimilation – Incorporating new information into
the child’s existing schemes
 Accommodation – Changing the existing schemes
to fit the relevant new information about the
environment

Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

BIRTH TO 2 YEARS: SENSORIMOTOR

Characteristics: Infants use senses & motor abilities

to understand the world. Learning is active, there is no
conceptual or reflective thought.

Gains: Infants learn that an object still exists what it

is out of sight (object permanence) & begin to think
through mental actions.

2 TO 6 YEARS: PREOPERATIONAL