QUARK Theory

Presented by

Name: Tirthangka Ranjan Bhuyan

Roll No: PHM22004
MSC 2nd Semester
CONTENTS:

● What is Quark and its Discovery.

● Quark flavours.

● Quark color.

● Gluon.
Can we split a proton ?
Discovery of Quark :

● In 1963, Murray Gell-Mann and independently, George Jweig proposed the

quark model, that hadrons like protons and neutron consists of more
fundamental particles.

● In 1967, scientist working in the Stanford Linear Accelerator were

bombarding proton with high energy electrons and measuring the energies
and angles of the scattered electrons.

Their findings matched the model of quarks.

SOURCE : QUANTA MAGAZINE
Flavours of Quarks :

SOURCE: tid.uio.no
Quark model is not so simple.
● There can be millions of Quark in a proton or neutron.

● Except the valence Quarks, other Quarks exist as a pair of quark and Anti-
Quark.

SOURCE: QUANTA MAGAZINE

 What is an Antiquark ?

● For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of

antiparticle, known as an antiquark, that differs from the quark
only in that some of its properties (such as the electric charge)
have equal magnitude but opposite sign.
● Quark are spin ½ particles.

● All of them are fermions.

● Hence follow Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – no two fermions can

occupy the same quantum state within a quantum state.
How are the Quarks held inside a
nucleon?
• By the “Strong Interaction”.

• Just as in QED particles exchange

photons, Quarks exchange “GLUONS”
by virtue of which they’re held.

• Rubber band analogy: you don’t feel

the force when you just hold it,
however when stretched, you do!

• Quarks when about to get knocked out

of nucleons, are held by the gluons.
Can Quark change their flavour ?

● In “beta minus” decay neutron converts into a proton.

● By absorbing or emitting W-boson a ‘Up’ quark can change into a down

quark or vice-versa.
Reference:

● Concept of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser

● https://www.quantamagazine.org/

● https://www.britannica.com/science/quark

● https://www.wikimedia.org/

● https://byjus.com/
Thanks!