INTRODUCTION

FARAZ QURESHI (15EE16)G.L

GROUP MEMBERS:
ABDUL GHANI MEMON
(15EE41); ARSLAN BHANBHRO (15EE20);
FAHAD MALIK (15EE08); AQEEL
BHUTTO (15EE38); USAMA MEMON
(15EE49);
 OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEM

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE

CAPACITORS

UTILIZATION OF CAPACITORS

SUPER CAPACITORS
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTOIN TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEM

 Electrical energy is vital in today’s society. It powers

manufacturing and transport, provides heat and light and
is part of all modern life.
 Electrical energy is superior to other forms b/c of
following reasons.

 Convenient forms: Electrical energy is very convenient

form of energy as it can be easily converted into another
form of energy.

 Easy control: The electrically operated machines have

simple and convenient starting, control and operation.
INTRODUCTOIN TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEM

 Cheaper: It is more cheaper than other forms of energy.

 Greater flexibility: One important reason for preferring
electrical energy is the flexibility that it offers.
ELECTRICITY STORAGE

Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is one of the key

technologies. EES techniques have shown unique
capabilities in coping with some critical characteristics of
electricity, for example hourly variations in demand and
price. In the near future EES will use more renewable
energy, to achieve CO2 reduction and for Smart Grids.
Historically EES has played 3 main roles.
 First EES reduces electricity cost.
 Secondly in order to improve the reliability of power
supply.
 Third role is to maintain and improve power quality,
frequency and voltage.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE

 Electricity storage
The straight fact is that there is no known efficient, large
scale way of storing electricity. The best of the current
methods are pumped hydro, which has excellent capacity
but relatively low efficiency, and flow batteries, which have

lower capacities but better efficiency. With the exception

of carbon-carbon batteries, which are really capacitors, all

the other methods of storing bulk electricity are types of

secondary cell.
 Regarding emerging market needs, in on-
grid areas, EES is expected to solve
problems such as excessive power
fluctuation and undependable power supply
which are associated with the use of large
amounts of renewable energy. In the off
grid domain, electric vehicles with
batteries are the most promising
technology to replace fossil fuels by
electricity from mostly renewable sources.
 CO2 reduction Independence from fossil fuels

“More renewable
energy,
less fossil fuel

On-Grid Area Off-Grid Area

Renewable generation EV powered by
electricity
from less or non-fossil
energy sources

Undependability
Power fluctuation Difficult to meet
Difficult to maintain
power
power output
demand
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE
 Carbon-carbon batteries
This is really a new form
of capacitor that can store electric charge in
quantities that until recently has only been
possible in a battery. It offers good energy
density, reasonable cost and fairly
environmentally friendly constituents. 
Ultra capacitors Challenge the Battery seems

to be a reasonable review. However, it

suggests that current devices are best suited
for short term storage, such as capturing
energy from regenerative braking in a hybrid
vehicle so it can be used during the next burst
of acceleration. Another likely application is in
backup power supplies, e.g. uninterruptable
power supplies, but further development could
produce devices that can replace lithium-
polymer cells.
 LEAD-ACID

 Cars have been operated from electric storage batteries for

over 100 years. The favorite battery to date has been the
lead-acid battery. Its simple and well-understood technology,
retains its charge for a long time and is reasonably efficient.
However, it has a number of disadvantages:
 In the event of a crash the sulphuric acid is likely to spill.
This is very corrosive.
 The batteries are heavy.
 The energy density is low.
 The battery life is relatively limited.
 Lead, like all heavy metals, is toxic.
 Disposal generates toxic waste.
Double-layer capacitors
(DLC)
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE
Double-layer capacitors (DLC)
 Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (DLC),also known as
supercapacitors, are a technology which has been known for
60 years. They fill the gap between classical capacitors used
in electronics and general batteries, because of their nearly
unlimited cycle stability as well as extremely high power
capability and their many orders of magnitude higher energy
storage capability when compared to traditional capacitors.

The two main features are:

 Extremely high capacitance value of many thousand farads.
 And the possibility of very fast charges and discharges due
to extra ordinary low inner resistance.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE
 Still other advantages are durability, high reliability, no
maintenance, long lifetime and operation over a wide
temperature range and in diverse environments (hot, cold
and moist).

 They can reach a specific power density which is about

ten times higher than that of conventional batteries (only
very-high-power lithium batteries can reach nearly the
same specific power density), but their specific energy
density is about ten times.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE
 Because of their properties, DLCs are suited especially
to applications with a large number of short
charge/discharge cycles, where their high performance
characteristics can be used. DLCs are not suitable for
the storage of energy over longer periods of time,
because of their high self discharge rate, their low
energy density.
Superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES)
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
STORAGE (SMES)
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems work according to an electrodynamic
principle. The energy is stored in the magnetic field
created by the flow of direct current in a
superconducting coil, which is kept below its
superconducting critical temperature. Today materials
are available which can function at around 100 °K. The
main component of this storage system is a coil made
of superconducting material. Additional components
include power conditioning equipment and a
cryogenically cooled refrigeration system.
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
STORAGE (SMES)

The main advantage of SMES is the very quick response

time: the requested power is available almost
instantaneously. Moreover the system is characterized by its
high overall round-trip efficiency (85 % - 90 %) and the very
high power output which can be provided for a short period
of time. There are no moving parts in the main portion of
SMES, but the overall reliability depends crucially on the
refrigeration system. In principle the energy can be stored
indefinitely as long as the cooling system is operational, but
longer storage times are limited by the energy demand of
the refrigeration.
LITHIUM-POLYMER

Lithium polymer batteries offer several advantages,

though at a higher cost. They need relatively complex
charging circuits and must be protected against deep
discharge or they will destroy themselves. However,
they offer much higher energy densities than any other
current battery technology and don't contain spill able
liquids. In a crash they will deform rather than
cracking or shattering but will burn fiercely if the cell
container is pierced or the charging system
malfunctions. Their energy efficiency through a
charge/discharge cycle is about 85%, which compares
very well with that achievable with a fuel cell-based
hydrogen cycle.
 CAPICITORS

A capacitor (originally known as
a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to temporarily store electrical energy in
an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but most contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e.
an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The
conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal
or conductive electrolyte, etc. The no conducting dielectric
acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials
commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic
film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used
as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the
form of an electrostatic field between its plates.
 CAPACITORS

When there is a potential difference across the conductors

(e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an field
develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to
collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the
other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a
sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the
capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across
the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.
 CAPACITORS
 An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single
constant value, its capacitance. Capacitance is
defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on
each conductor to the potential
difference V between them. The SI unit of
capacitance is the farad (F).
 The larger the surface area of the "plates"
(conductors) and the narrower the gap between
them, the greater the capacitance is. In practice,
the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric
field strength limit, known as the breakdown
voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.
HOW CAPACITOR WORKS
HOW CAPACITOR WORKS WITH A BATTERY
 UTILIZATION OF CAPACITORS

APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITORS
 Energy storage:
A capacitor can store electric energy when
disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be used
like a temporary battery , or like other types of rechargeable
energy storage system.] Capacitors are commonly used in
electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries
are being changed. (This prevents loss of information in
volatile memory.)


 UTILIZATION OF CAPACITORS
 Pulsed power and weapons
Groups of large, specially
constructed, low-inductance high-voltage capacitors
(capacitor banks) are used to supply huge pulses of
current for many pulsed power applications. These
include electromagnetic forming, Marx generators,
pulsed lasers (especially TEA lasers), 
pulse forming networks, radar, fusion research, and 
particle accelerators.
POWER CONDITIONING

A 10,000 microfarad capacitor in an
amplifier power supply Reservoir capacitors are used in 
power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half
wave rectifier. They can also be used incharge pump circuits as
the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages
than the input voltage. systems (such as factories) to shunt
away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power
source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control
circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors
in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the
signal
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

 A high-voltage capacitor bank used for power factor correction

on a power transmission system.

 In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for 

power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three
capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values
of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a 
reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to
counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors
 and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly
resistive.
 SIGNAL COUPLING

 
Polyester film capacitors are frequently used as coupling
capacitors because capacitors pass AC but block DC signals
 (when charged up to the applied dc voltage), they are often
used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal. This
method is known as AC coupling or "capacitive coupling".
Here, a large value of capacitance, whose value need not be
accurately controlled, but whose reactance is small at the
signal frequency, is employed.
DECOUPLING

A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to protect

one part of a circuit from the effect of another, for
instance to suppress noise or transients. Noise caused
by other circuit elements is shunted through the
capacitor, reducing the effect they have on the rest of
the circuit. It is most commonly used between the
power supply and ground. An alternative name is 
bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power
supply or other high impedance component of a circuit.
SUPER CAPACITORS

 A supercapacitor (SC) (sometimes ultra capacitor,

formerly electric double-layer capacitor  (EDLC)) is a high-
capacity electrochemicalcapacitor with capacitance values
much higher than other capacitors (but lower voltage limits)
that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors  and 
rechargeable batteries. They typically store 10 to 100 times
more energy per unit volume or mass  than electrolytic
capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than
batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge
cycles rechargeable batteries. They are however 10 times
larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.
SUPER CAPACITORS
 Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring
many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long
term compact energy storage: within cars, buses,
trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for 
regenerative braking, short-term energy storage or
burst-mode power delivery. Smaller units are used as
memory backup for static random-access memory
 (SRAM).
 Supercapacitors do not use the conventional solid 
dielectric of ordinary capacitors. They use electrostatic
 double-layer capacitance or electrochemical 
pseudo capacitance or a combination of both instead:
APPLICATIONS

 Supercapacitors do not support AC applications.

 Supercapacitors have advantages in applications where a
large amount of power is needed for a relatively short
time, where a very high number of charge/discharge
cycles or a longer lifetime is required. Typical
applications range from milliamp currents or mill watts of
power for up to a few minutes to several amps current or
several hundred kilowatts power for much shorter periods.
ENERGY RECOVERY

A primary challenge of all transport is reducing energy

consumption and reducing CO2 emissions. Recovery of
braking energy (recuperation or regeneration) helps with
both. This requires components that can quickly store and
release energy over long times with a high cycle rate.
Supercapacitors fulfill these requirements and are therefore
used in a lot of applications in all kinds of transportation.
THANK
S