Thermal Sistem Design

GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM

Week 1
Indeks
• What is the geothermal energy?
• History of geothermal
• Geothermal energy production areas
– In Turkey
– In the World
• Usage areas of geothermal energy
• Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal
energy
• Source
 What is the geothermal energy?
• Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy taken
from the Earth’s core. It comes from heat generated during
the original formation of the planet and the radioactive
decay of materials. This thermal energy is stored in rocks
and fluids in the centre of the earth. Heat from Earth’s
interior generates surface phenomena such as lava flows,
geysers, fumaroles, hot springs, and mud pots. Geothermal
heat energy can be recovered and exploited for human use.
Geothermal energy harnessed for cooking, bathing, space
heating, electrical power generation, and other uses.
 History of Geothermal
• 10000 BC: Geothermal structure was used in the manufacture of pottery, glass, textile and
cream in the Mediterranean Region.
• 1500 BC: Romans and Chinese were using natural geothermal resources for bathing, heating
and cooking.
• 1200: Europeans discovered that space and water could be heated with geothermal energy.
• 1800: Heating of residential units with geothermal energy became common in France.
• 1904: First electricity generation from geothermal steam is provided in Larderello, Italy.
• 1963: The first geothermal borehole in Turkey was drilled in Balçova, İzmir.
• 1966: The first geothermal power plant was built in Japan.
• 1984: Turkey's first and Europe's second geothermal power plant after Italy (20.4 MWe
capacity) was put into service in Kızıldere, Denizli.
• 2000: Around 8000 MWe of geothermal electricity generation from geothermal and direct
use of geothermal resources around 17,000 MWt were realized all over the world.
• 2001: Turkey's geothermal installed heating power reached 493 MWt. Thus, Turkey has
become the world's 5th largest country in geothermal non-electrical applications.
 Geothermal energy production areas
ın Turkey
• Germencik, Aydın 232 °C
• Kızıldere, Buharkent, Aydın 242 °C
• Kurudere, Alaşehir, Manisa 184 °C
• Göbekli, Alaşehir, Manisa 182 °C
• Tuzla, Çanakkale 174 °C
• Salavatlı, Aydın 171 °C
• Simav, Kütahya 162 °C
• Seferihisar, İzmir 153 °C
• Caferbey, Salihli, Manisa 150 °C
• Yılmazköy, Aydın 142 °C
• Balçova, İzmir 136 °C
• Dikili, İzmir 130 °C
 Geothermal energy production areas
ın the Wold

• Geothermal electricity has been produced in Larderello field in Italy

since 1904 and from Geyser field in California for 48 years. Geothermal
central heating has been in place since 1890 in Boise, Idaho (USA) and
since 1934 in Reykjavik (Icelandic capital). In addition, 85,000
residences in the Paris suburbs are heated with geothermal energy.

• The top five countries in the world in the use of hot springs and
geothermal heat are: United States of America, Sweden, China,
Iceland, and Turkey.

• The top five countries in geothermal electricity production in the world

are as follows: USA, Philippines, Mexico, Indonesia, Italy.
Distribution of the geothermal energy worldwide according to the temperature scale,
Limberger et al. (2018).
Usage Areas of Geothermal Energy

Depending on its size, geothermal power plants can produce

electricity on a large or small scale. Since it is a renewable energy
source, it is a reliable and open source 24/7. It is a valuable resource
in regions with high energy needs. It produces electricity from a
clean source, as it does not cause greenhouse gases or air pollution. 

Geothermal resources are utilized under two general headings:

direct and indirect use.
Direct use is the use of geothermal energy without the need to
produce electrical energy. Heating and cooling processes are
examined under this heading. These processes are carried out in an
efficient and environmentally friendly way. Examples for the direct
use of geothermal energy: 

• Space Heating: Geothermal heat pumps are used in space heating

systems. It is one of the most common usage areas worldwide. It takes
part in the heating and cooling systems of buildings by using the
constant temperature of the soil. 
• Hot Water: Geothermal energy is used to heat water that may be
needed for daily or industrial processes. 
• Greenhouses and aquaculture: Geothermal energy provides constant
and regular heating in greenhouses and fish farms. 
• Spa: Used for spa and health tourism 
Indirect use is the use of this energy by generating electrical energy
from geothermal sources. This electrical energy is produced using
geothermal power plants. There are three main types of geothermal
power plants: 

• Dry Steam Power Plants: Generates electricity by rotating turbines

with high pressure steam from underground. 
• Evaporation-Condensation Cycle Power Plant (Flash): These plants
use high-pressure hot water from underground to create steam,
which turns a turbine and generates electricity. It generates
electricity by rotating the turbine by creating steam at high pressure
with hot water. 
• Binary Cycle Power Plant: Using the hot water or steam coming
from the underground, a secondary fluid with a low boiling point is
evaporated and electricity is produced from the turbine. 
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Geothermal Energy
Advantages:

• The very high efficiency of the geothermal resource is one of the most important
advantages provided. 

• The cost of this renewable, environmentally friendly, sustainable energy is also low. 

• Since it is a local resource, no third parties are needed for its processing. 

• It causes less environmental problems compared to thermal power plants. 

• It is possible to obtain more thermal power as systems integrated with electricity

generation can be installed. 

• Integrated systems also mean lower costs. 

• The widespread use of geothermal energy helps to reduce the acid rain and greenhouse
gas effect caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. 

•   Risks such as explosion and ignition in fossil fuels are not found in geothermal energy. 
Disadvantage: 

• Since geothermal energy resources are not evenly distributed around the world,
there are regions that do not have access to geothermal energy resources. 

• Although it does not create greenhouse gases or air pollution, it may have an
impact on the environment during construction and drilling 

• Transaction costs can be high, especially in conditions where the source is deep
or the geological environment is challenging. 
 
• Reservoirs can run out if not taken care of properly. This situation causes a
decrease in the electricity produced and more drilling operations. 

• Fluid transfer to drilling and geothermal reservoirs can cause earthquakes and
similar seismic events. 
SOURCE
• Smith, M C. 1973. "Geothermal energy". United States.
https://doi.org/10.2172/4474126. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4474126.
• https://
www.researchgate.net/figure/Distribution-of-the-geothermal-energy-worldwide-a
ccording-to-the-temperature-scale_fig1_350877572
• https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/hizmetler/jeotermal-harita
• https://www.jeotermaldernegi.org.tr/sayfalar-Dunya-da-Jeotermal
• https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeotermal_enerji
• https://yenader.org/tr_tr/jeotermal-enerji-nedir
• "Jeotermal Enerji Santralleri". enerjiatlasi.com.
• ŞENER, Prof.Dr Mehmet. "Jeotermal Enerji ve Demokrasi". Türk Demokrasi Vakfı
Enstitü Dergisi.