BING4316 English Morpho-Syntax –

Inisiasi 1

INTRODUCTION TO
WORDS & MORPHEMES

Prepared by:
Suko Raharjo (paksukopolines@gmail.com)
Widyasari (wiwid@ecampus.ut.ac.id)
 1. MORPHO-SYNTAX
Key question
Key points

How is MORPHO-SYNTAX
related to MORPHOLOGY Definition of:
& SYNTAX? i.e. How do • Morpho-Syntax
you define “MORPHO-
• Morphology
SYNTAX”?
• Syntax
 DEFINITIONS OF MORPHO-SYNTAX,
MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX

MORPHO-SYNTAX:
(3 best definitions)
• Morphology and syntax regarded as an interlinked unit.
• The study of grammatical categories or linguistic units
that have both morphological and syntactic properties.
• The set of rules that govern linguistic units whose
properties are definable by both morphological and
syntactic criteria.
 DEFINITIONS OF MORPHO-SYNTAX,
MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX

MORPHOLOGY:
• The study of the forms of words.
• The study of the internal structure of words.
• The system of word-forming elements and processes in a language.
• A study and description of word formation (such as inflection,
derivation, and compounding) in language.
• The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to
other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words
and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and
the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning.
 DEFINITIONS OF MORPHO-SYNTAX,
MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX

SYNTAX:
• The study of how words are ordered in human language.
• The way in which linguistic elements (such as words) are put
together to form constituents (such as phrases or clauses).
• The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the
structure of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language,
usually including word order.
• The part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation
of sentences. It explains how words and phrases are arranged to
form correct sentences.
 • In morphology we see a word as a unit that can be analyzed, or
broken down, into morphemes (i.e. the smallest meaningful
units).
• In syntax we see a word as the smallest unit of analysis. Words
are combined to form constituents (phrases & clauses, etc.)
• So, like playing lego, in which we can make as many things as
we want out of those small parts, in morphology, the smallest
parts are called morphemes whereas in syntax the smallest
parts are called words.

Morpheme Morpheme Morpheme

WORD

Word Word Word CONSTITUENT

2. WORDS & WORD STRUCTURE

• How do WORDS differ Key points

from MORPHEMES?
• How are WORDS
constructed? • Morphemes
• Words
• Word structure
Key questions
 • We should perceive a word not only as a building
block of a sentence (syntax) but also as something
that can stand on its own and that can be broken
down into smaller components (morphology).
Grammatical WORD
Word

Morpheme
Word-Form
Morph

Lexeme Allomorph

SYNTAX MORPHOLOGY
 3. MORPHEMES

• How many types of Key points

MORPHEMES are there?
• How are MORPHEMES
and WORDS related? • Types of
morphemes
• Morphemes vs
Key questions
Words
 Free (can stand alone)
Example: happy, learn, mind

Bound (must be attached to other

Types of morphemes)
Morpheme Example:
dis- (disfunctional),
il- (illiterate),
-ment (agreement),
-er (copier)
 WORDS v.s. MORPHEMES

Word Morphemes that make up the word

 one word consisting of one morpheme, i.e.
cry cry the word & the morpheme are the same

 one word consisting of two

stopping stop -ing morphemes

went go -ed Can you

continue?
unemployment employ un- -ment

illegally legal il- -ly

developmentalism develop -ment -al -ism

 4. MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Key points
• How are the different
types of MORPHEMES
identified?
• Types of
morphemes
• Morpheme
Key question analysis

To be continued…