PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE

P.M.B 20 EFFURUN, DELTA STATE

NIGERIA

LABORATORY MANUAL
ON
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION I

EEE 325P
PREPARED BY
ENGR. ASHIRU ABDULLAHI

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

EXP 1: ANALOG TO DIGITAL SIGNAL CONVERSION

EXP 2: DIGITAL TO ANALOG SIGNAL CONVERSION

EXP 3: DIGITAL VOICE RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTION

EXP 4: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

EXP 5: TRANSMISSION AND RECEIVING DIGITAL SIGNAL

EXP 6: SEMESTER PROJECT:

EXPERIMENT NO……… DATE………………

TITLE: ANALOG TO DIGITAL SIGNAL CONVERSION(ADC)

AIMS/OBJECTIVES:

 To Convert analog information signal to digital equivalent

 To ensure conversion efficiency, linearity and resolution

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS NEEDED
List the Tools and Equipment's require
INTRODUCTION
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that
converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone
or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal. An ADC may also
provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that
converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number
representing the magnitude of the voltage or current. Typically the
digital output is a two's complement binary number that is
proportional to the input.
ADCs follow a sequence when converting analog signals to digital.
They first sample the signal, then quantify it to determine the
resolution of the signal, and finally set binary values and send it to
the system to read the digital signal. Two important aspects of
the ADC are its sampling rate and resolution.

ADC circuit symbol
 Simple ADC block diagram

Complete ADC block diagram

ADC constructional schematic diagram
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3491 to the power supply and switch ON.
Step2: Identify power supply unit, SESLAB unit (CH1, CH2, and
OUT), ADC compressor input unit, ADC output socket unit (J6),
LED input socket (J4), LED unit, and switches S1 – S6, S12,
S13, S15 and S16 on the trainer.
NOTE: Variable supplied from power supply (Vvar) represent the
Analog voltage (signal) while the status of the light
appear on the LED represent Digital equivalent ( LED ON = 1;
LED OFF = 0; LED BLINKING = 0).
Step 3: Set the panel switches as follows:
S1 – 1CH S2 – LNR S3 – AMR
S4 – 0 S5 – 0 S6 – 0
S13 – Cycle S12 – Right position
S15 – High S16 – F2
Step 4: Connect a wire between the Vvar output (At power supply
unit) to the ADC compressor input unit (Sin).
Step 5: Connect the ADC’s digital output socket (J6) to the LED’s
digital input socket (J4) using flat cable. As shown below
Step 6: Set the Multimeter as a voltmeter (20VDC) to measure the
variable voltage output. Connect the meter positive probe
(Red) to Vvar output and negative probe to GND.
Step 7: Change the position of the Vvar, observe the state of the
LED’s and Multimeter display. Turn the potentiometer
fully-counter clockwise.
Step 8: Change position of the Vvar potentiometer according to
the following Analog input voltage, record the Digital
output voltage (status of the LED’s) in the table below.
Convert it to Hexadecimal and its equivalent decimal
values later.
Analog Input Digital Output Voltage Hexadecimal Decimal
Voltage (LED’s Binary No) No value
     
0V
     
0.5V
     
1V
     
1.5V
     
2V
     
2.5V
     
3V
     
3.5V
     
4V
   
4.5V
Step 9: Change S2 switch to CMP, S12 to Left position toward
the manual switch. At this point you must press the
manual switch twice for each analog input voltage
Step 10: Turn the potentiometer according to the following
analog input voltage, press the manual switch twice
and record your digital output voltage results (status
of the LED’s,) in the table below. Convert the result to
hexadecimal number and decimal values later.
Analog Input Digital Output Voltage Hexadecimal Decimal
Voltage (LED’s Binary No) No value
     
0V
     
0.5V
     
1V
     
1.5V
     
2V
     
2.5V
     
3V
     
3.5V
     
4V
   
4.5V
Step 11: Comment on the manual and automatic signal
conversion results.
Step 12: Compare the manual and automatic table of
results.

State your Observation, Precaution and Conclusion.

EXPERIMENT NO……… DATE………………
TITLE: DIGITAL TO ANALOG SIGNAL CONVERSION

AIMS/OBJECTIVES:

 To Convert analog information signal to digital equivalent

 To ensure conversion efficiency, linearity and resolution

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS NEEDED
List the Tools and Equipment's require
INTRODUCTION
Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), is a process by which digital signals
(which have a binary state) are converted to analog signals (which
theoretically have an infinite number of states). For example, a
modem converts computer digital data to analog audio-frequency
signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines.
Digital-to-Analog Conversion take place when data from one computer
is sent to another via some analog carrier, it is
first converted into analog signals. 
Analog signals are modified to reflect digital data. In
this conversion technique, the amplitude of analog carrier signal is
modified to reflect binary data.
 Circuit symbol of Digital to analog converter

Simple block diagram of Digital to analog converter

Simple circuit diagram of Digital to analog converter
Application of Digital to analog converter
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3491 to the power supply and switch ON.
Step 2: Identify power supply unit, Data switches (S9), Data switch
output socket (J10), DAC input socket unit (J8),Expander output
socket (Sout) and switches S1 – S6, S12 – S16 on the module.
NOTE: Variable supplied from power supply (Vvar) represent the
Analog voltage (signal) while the status of the light appear on the
LED represent Digital equivalent ( LED ON = 1; LED OFF = 0; LED
BLINKING = 0).
Step 3: With a flat cable connect the data switches digital output
socket (J10) to the DAC’s digital input socket (J8) as shown
below
Constructional diagram of Digital to analog converter
Step 4: Set the Multimeter as a voltmeter (20VDC) to measure
the analog output voltage. Connect the meter positive
(Red) to the DAC’S expander output (Sout) and negative probe
(Black) to GND (at the power supply)
Step 5: Set the panel switches as follows:
S1 – 1CH S2 – LNR S3 – AMR
S4 – 0 S5 – 0 S6 – 0
S13 – Cycle S12 – Right position
S15 – High S16 – F2
Step 6: clock rate is determined by two switches – S15 and S16.
Set the switch S15 – High and S16 – F2.
Step 7: Change the following digital input voltage (switches
status), measure and record the analog output voltage in the
table below.
Digital Input Voltage Hexadecimal Decimal Analog Output
(Switches Status) Number Value Voltage

00000001 01H 1  

00000010 02H 2  

00000100 04H 4  

00001000 08H 8  

00010000 10H 16  

00100000 20H 32  

01000000 40H 64  

10000000 80H 128  

11111111 FFH 255

Step 8: Is the conversion Linear? What are the minimum and
the maximum voltages produced by the DAC?
Step 9: Move the S12 switch (located at the upper right side) to
the left (manual switch), it should be pressed every time
we want the ADC to sample and convert the signal in its input.
Step 10: Change the position of the switch according to the
following digital input voltage, pressed manual switch
twice, measure and record the analog output voltage in the
table below.
Digital Input Voltage Hexadecimal Decimal Analog Output
(Switches Status) Number Value Voltage

00000001 01H 1  

00000010 02H 2  

00000100 04H 4  

00001000 08H 8  

00010000 10H 16  

00100000 20H 32  

01000000 40H 64  

10000000 80H 128  

11111111 FFH 255

Step 11: Compare and comment on the result and the
result you got on the previous table
Step 12: State your Observation, Precaution and Conclusion.
EXPERIMENT NO……… DATE………………

TITLE: DIGITAL VOICE RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTION

AIMS/OBJECTIVES:

 Voice amplifying and digital recording

 Voice reconstruction and filtering.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS NEEDED

List the Tools and Equipment's require

INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we will store signals in the RAM and reconstruct
them. First, we will use the same frequency for sampling and
reconstructing. Afterwards we will check what happens when the
reconstructing frequency differs from the sampling frequency.
To record our voice and to reconstruct we must use a microphone and
a speaker.

The microphone converts sound and voice to voltage signal. Its output
is a very low voltage signal, so we can't connect it directly to the ADC.
We have, first, to amplify the microphone signal.
The speaker converts electrical signals to sound and voice. The
speaker requires high power signals, so we can't connect it directly
to the DAC's output, therefore we must use a power amplifier.
To record our voice, we will implement the following system:

To reconstruct our voice, we will implement the following system

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3491 to the power supply.
Step 2: Connect the power supply to the Mains.
Voice recording:
Step 3: Connect a microphone to the preamplifier socket.
Step 4: Turn switches S12 to the clock direction and S13 to the
Burst position.
Step 5: Adjust the clock's potentiometer to get the highest
frequency (S16 in High and S15 in F2).
Step 8: Connect the Step 6: With a banana wire, connect
the preamplifier output to the ADC's analog input.

Step 7: Connect the DATA DISPLAY LED's digital output

connector J5) to the MEMORY's I/O data lines (connector
J11). ADC's digital output (connector J6) to the DATA
DISPLAY's digital input (connector J4).
Step 9: Set S11 to the Write position.

Step 10:Press RESET and talk to the microphone.

You have about 2 seconds until the count stops

Step 11:Connect the DATA DISPLAY's digital output (connector J5)

to the DAC's digital input (connector J8).

Step 12:Connect the MEMORY's I/O (connector J11) to the DATA

DISPLAY LED's digital input (connector J4).
Step 13:Connect the DAC's output to the audio amplifier input.
Step 14: Change switch S11 to the Read position.

Step 15: Press S10 (RESET). You should hear your voice through the
speaker.

Step 16: Change switch S13 to the Cycle position. You should hear your
sentence repeatedly. Observe the LEDs. Change the audio
amplifier to receive a clearer voice.

Step 17: Connect the DAC output to the LPF input.

Step 18:Connect the LPF output to the Audio amplifier input.

How the Low Pass Filter affects the voice quality?

Step 19:Reduce the clock frequency to F1. How it affects the

recorded voice?

Step 20:Repeat steps 7 to 18 with reduced frequency.

How it affects the recording time length? How it affects the

quality of the recording and the reconstruction?

Step 21:Disconnect the microphone from the preamplifier

Recording signals:
Step 22:Connect the system's generator output to the ADC input.
Adjust the signal to sinus at 500 Hz and 4Vp-p

Step 23:Connect the DATA DISPLAY LEDs digital output (connector

J5) to the MEMORY's I/O lines (connector J11).

Step 24:Connect the ADC's digital output (connector J6) to the

DATA DISPLAY LEDs digital input (connector J4).

Step 25:Set switch S11 to the Write position.

Step 26:Set switch S13 to the Burst position.

Step 27:Press RESET. The signal will be recorded in the RAM.

Step 28:Set switch S11 to the Read position.

Step 29:Connect the MEMORY's I/O (connector J11) to the DATA

DISPLAY LEDs digital input (connector J4).

Step 30:Connect the DATA DISPLAY's digital output (connector J5)

to the DAC's digital input (connector J8).

Step 31:Connect the scope's input to the DAC output.

Step 33:Change the clock's frequency to F1.

Step 34:Does it change the signal's quality? Does it change the

signal's frequency?

Step 35: Connect the DAC output to the LPF input.

Step 36:Connect the scope's probe to the DAC output. How the
Low Pass Filter affects the signal quality?

Step 37:Observe and draw the signals of F2 and F1 that appear on

the scope screen.
State your OBSERVATION, PRECAUSION and CONCLUSION
EXPERIMENT NO……… DATE………………
TITLE: DIGITAL SIGNAL MODULATION(SAMPLING AND
RECONSTRUCTION)
AIMS/OBJECTIVES:To study
 Pulse amplitude Modulation(PAM) principle.
 To demonstrate the S/H(Sample and Hold) operation.
 PCM – Pulse code Modulation technique.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS NEEDED
List the Tools and Equipment's require
INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we will connect a signal to the ADC input,
convert it to a binary number and then reconstruct it with the DAC
as follows.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
In this method we convert a continuous signal to a series of pulses
where each pulse magnitude is equal to the magnitude of the
sampled signal at that time. Between the samples, the output signal
voltage is 0V. This sampling system looks like this:
Sample and Hold (S/H)
In this method, in each sampling, the signal at the ADC input is held
in its last value until the next sampling. The sampling and holding of
the signal is done usually at the ADC input in the following way:
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
The encoding operation is an analog signal sampling by an ADC and
converting it to binary numbers. In this way, the analog signal
becomes a collection of binary numbers. The collection of numbers
can be transmitted digitally (parallel or serial), at the same rate of the
sampling or rate, to be stored in the memory etc. The pulses' number
of bitsat another is a function of the conversion resolution. For
speech signals at the switchboard, it is customary to use an 8-bit
conversion resolution. For music storage (on CD's for example), a
much higher conversion resolution is used. Reconstructing a signal
from its codes is done with the DAC.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation block diagram
Pulse Amplitude Modulation signal waveforms
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Connect the TPS 3431 to power supply and turn ON.
Connect The USB cable from module USB port to computer
USB port.
Step 2: Identify the compressor input unit(Sin), Analog to Digital
(ADC) output socket(J6) LED Input socket (J14), LED Unit, Data
switches output socket (J10), Digital to Analog(DAC) input
socket(J8) Expander output Unit (Sout), Pre-amplifier unit, Low
Pass filter (LPF), Audio amplifier unit and panel switches. S1 – 6,
S12, S15 and S16 respectively.
Step 3: Set the panel switches as follows
S1 - ICH S2 - LNR S5 - 0
S3 - AMR S4 - 0 S6 - 0
S12 - RIGHT S15 - HIGH, S16 F2
Step 4: connect a wire between the ADC input(Sin) to the DAC
output (Sout), ADC output socket (J6) to LED input
socket(J4), Data switch output socket(J10), to DAC input
socket(J8), using flat cable shown below
Step 5: Connect the multimeter positive probe(Red) to the DAC
output(Sout) and the nagetive probe(Black) to the
ground(GND) to measure the DAC output voltage.
Step 6: Change the DAC switches and check the LED changing
according to the switches status at the LED unit and the
meter is measuring the DAC output voltage.
Step 7: Set the switches for the following binary numbers
Switches Status Hex. No. Decimal Value Output Voltage LEDs Status
00000000 00H 0    
00000001 01H 1    
00000010 02H 2    
00000100 04H 4    
00001000 08H 8    
00010000 10H 16    
00100000 20H 32    
01000000 40H 64    
10000000 80H 128    
11111111 FFH 255  
Step 8: Disconnect the DAC input from the data switch socket
(J10) and connect it to the LED output socket(J5).
Step 9: Move the wire from DAC output socket (Sout) to
variable voltage supply(Vvar) as shown in the diagram below
Step 10:Disconnect the meter, move the wire connected to Vvar to
signal generator output(SESLAB OUT).
Step 11:Double click of SESCOPE software on the screen, click open
com, free run, CH2, uncheck the cursor values, and set the
SEC/DIV to 200µS.
Step 12:Connect CH1(the analog input signal) to the ADC
input(Sin) and CH2(the sampling signal) to the DAC
output(Sout). Draw/Copy the signal waveshape.
NOTE: To copy; press CTRL+ALT+PRINT SCREEN. Open MS office
paste and save the result.
Step 13:Move the wire connected to SESLAB OUT to pre-amplifier
output(Sout), insert the microphone to pre-amplifier input socket and
connect a wire between DAC output(Sout) to audio amplifier
input(Sin).
Step 14:Turn the volume control midway, speak through the
microphone and hear your voice from the speaker, observe what
happen on the screen. While speaking stop it and draw/copy the
signal waveshape.
Step 15:Connect the meter red probe to DAC output(Sout) and
black probe to GND. Move the wire from audio amplifier input(Sin)
to LPF input(Sin). Connect the LPF output to audio amplifier
input(Sin). Move the CH2 wire connected to DAC output(Sout) to
the LPF output.
Step 16:Speak to the microphone again, observe the
sampling voltage on the meter, and the quality of the
reconstructed voice in the speaker and observe what
happen on the SESCOPE screen. Draw/Copy the signal
waveshape.

Step 17:Turn the microphone to face the speaker, what

happen and why?
State your OBSERVATION, PRECAUSION and CONCLUSION