Sensory considerations

Prepared by
SAIFA IMRAN
Normal BSV
Normal BSV involves the simultaneous use of both eyes with bifoveal
fixation, so that each eye contributes to a common single perception
of the object of regard.

This represents the highest form of binocular cooperation.

Cyclopean eye
a theoretical eye, located on the midline between the real eyes
that has the access to the function of both the eyes and is used in
description of space perception and eye movements.
Visual direction
Visual direction is the projection of a given retinal element in a
specific direction in subjective space .
It can be :
Principal visual direction
Secondary visual direction
Projection
Projection is the subjective interpretation of the position of an object
in space on the basis of stimulated retinal elements.
Retinomotor values
The image of an object in the peripheral visual field falls on an
extrafoveal element .To establish fixation on this object a saccadic
version of accurate amplitude is required.

Saccadic amplitude
is the distance travelled by the eye between
two fixation points.
Each extrafoveal retinal element therefore has a retinomotor value
proportional to its distance from the fovea ,which guides the
amplitude of saccadic movements required to look at it .

Retinomotor value zero at the fovea, increases progressively towards

the retinal periphery .
Corresponding points
Are areas on each retina that share the same subjective visual
direction.
For example: the fovea share the primary visual direction.
Horopter
Is an imaginary plane in external space ,relative to both the
observer’s eyes for a given fixation target ,all points on which
stimulate corresponding retinal elements and are therefore seen
singly and in the same plane .

This plane passes through the intersection of the visual axes and
therefore includes the point of fixation in BSV.
THE PANUM FUSIONAL SPACE
 is a zone in front of and behind the horopter in which objects
stimulate slightly non corresponding retinal points.

Objects within the limits of the fusional space are seen singly and
disparity information is used to produce a perception of binocular
depth (stereopsis).
Objects in front of and behind panum space appear double .
BSV
Is characterized by the ability to fuse the
images from the two eyes and to perceive
binocular depth .
Fusional Vergence
involves disjugate eye movements to overcome retinal image
disparity .

Fusional convergence helps to control an exophoria

Fusional divergence helps to control an esophoria

Amplitude can be measured with prisms or a synptophore.

Normal values are

Convergence: about 15°-20°for distance and 25°for near
Divergence: about 6°-10°for distance and 12°-14°for near
Vertical:2°-3°
Cyclovergence:8°
Stereopsis
Is the perception of depth.

Stereopsis emerge in humans during the first 3-5

months of post natal age .

It arises when objects in front and behind the point of

fixation stimulate horizontally disparate retinal elements
simultaneously.
The fusion of these disparate images results in a
single visual impression perceived in depth.

A solid object is seen stereoscopiclly

(in3D)because each eye sees a slightly different
aspect of the object.