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Mutualism
 Mutualism is a relation in which each of the two participating
organisms benefit from each other, to survive in the ecosystem.
The degree of benefit, may however,
be different.

Bees helping in pollination is one of the example

of mutualism where there is both side trade.
 Xi = ith organism of the ecosystem
Xj = randomly chosen organism
from the same ecosystem

Xinew and Xjnew are the new candidate solutions

produced after mutualism
rand (0,1) is a normally distributed random number between 0 and 1,
Xbest is the best global solution
MV is the mutual vector defined by BF1 and BF2 are the benefit factors
Commensalism

Commensalism is the relation in which only one among the two

participating organisms benefits, without doing any harm to the
other. In other words, one of the organisms receives all the benefits,
whereas the other remains unaffected.
• Xi is the ith organism of the ecosystem
• Xj is a randomly chosen organism from the same ecosystem
• Rand (0; 1) is a normally distributed random number between -1 and 1
• Xbest is the best global solution

 Xi benefits from Xj

whereas, Xj remains unaffected from the relation
Xinew will replace Xi if it has a better fitness value
Parasitism

Parasitism is the relation, in which one of the participating organisms, the

parasite, receives benefits at the cost of harming the other organism. Some
examples of parasites are tapeworms, ticks, lice, etc. These organisms either
attach themselves with or live inside the host, receiving benefits or nutrients
from the host; thereby depriving the host of the necessary nutrients. This may
even lead to the death of the host
PID TUNING

For PID tuning within a region there are multiple solutions which
can work as a workable solution to the plant still we need to choose
some specific values of Kp, KI and Kd.
REFERENCES
• A multi-agent based symbiotic organisms search algorithm for tuning
fractional order PID controller (
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107559)