WHAT WE HAVE COVERED IN TODAY’S ONLINE SESSION

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Scalars and Vectors
• Scalars: Magnitude without direction.
• Examples: Distance, time, mass, temperature.
• Equation representation: Single letters (e.g., d, t, m).

• Vectors: Magnitude and direction.

• Examples: Displacement, velocity, force.
• Equation representation: Boldface letters or arrows (e.g., d, v).

• Zero Vector: Magnitude zero, no direction.

• Example: Stationary object.
• Equation representation: 0 or dot symbol.

• Understanding direction:
• Vectors represented by arrows.
• Arrow length = magnitude, direction = orientation.

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Practical exercise
On an axis in which moving from right to left is positive, what is the displacement and distance of a student who
walks 32 m to the right and then 17 m to the left?
Ans: Displacement:
The displacement is the net change in position, taking into account both magnitude and direction.
Since the student walks 32 m to the right and then 17 m to the left,
we need to subtract the distance moved to the left from the distance moved to the right.
Displacement = 32 m - 17 m = 15 m to the right.
Ans: Distance:
The distance is the total path length traveled by the student, irrespective of direction.
To calculate the distance, we add up the magnitudes of the distances traveled in each direction.
Distance = 32 m + 17 m = 49 m.

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Speed is the rate at which an object changes its location. Like distance, speed is a scalar because it has a magnitude
but not a direction.

Δt=tf−t0, vavg = distance/time , time = distance/ vavg. distance = Vavg × time

 A pitcher throws a baseball from the pitcher’s mound to home plate in 0.46 s. The distance is 18.4 m. What was the
average speed of the baseball?
Average speed = Distance / Time
Average Speed = 18.4 m / 0.46 s
Average Speed = 40 m/s

 Cassie walked to her friend’s house with an average speed of 1.40 m/s. The distance between the houses is 205 m. How
long did the trip take her?
Time = Distance / Average Speed
Time = 205 m / 1.40 m/s
Time ≈ 146.43 s
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Velocity

Velocity is the vector version of speed, capturing both magnitude and direction. It can represent average or
instantaneous motion.

Practical Exercise: A trucker drives along a straight highway for 0.25 h with a displacement of 16 km south. What is the trucker’s
average velocity?

Ans: Average Velocity = Displacement / Time = 16 km / 0.25 h = 64 km/h South

Practical Exercise: A bird flies with an average velocity of 7.5 m/s east from one branch to another in 2.4 s. It then pauses before
flying with an average velocity of 6.8 m/s east for 3.5 s to another branch. What is the bird’s total displacement from its starting
point?

First part: Displacement = Average velocity * Time = 7.5 m/s * 2.4 s Displacement = 18 m east
Second Part: Displacement = Average velocity * Time = 6.8 m/s * 3.5 s 23.8 m east
Total displacement = 18 m + 23.8 m Total displacement = 41.8 m east
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Displacement

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Acceleration

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Deceleration

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How the Kinematic Equations are Related to Acceleration

Question. Dragsters can reach a top speed of 145 m/s in only 4.45 s. Calculate the average acceleration for such a
dragster.

Average acceleration = Change in velocity / Time taken

The initial velocity is 0 m/s (assuming the dragster starts from rest), and the final velocity is 145 m/s. The time
taken is 4.45 seconds.

Change in velocity = Final velocity - Initial velocity Change in velocity = 145 m/s - 0 m/s Change in velocity =
145 m/s

Average acceleration = Change in velocity / Time taken Average acceleration = 145 m/s / 4.45 s
Calculating the value: Average acceleration = 32.58 m/s² 05/23/2023 9
Example

A person standing on a bridge drops a stone, and it takes 3 seconds for the stone to reach the water below.
Assuming there is no air resistance, we can calculate the distance of the water from the top of the bridge
using the equations of motion for free fall.

The equation for distance in free fall is given by:

Distance = (1/2) * acceleration * time^2

In this case, the stone is accelerating due to gravity, and we can assume the acceleration due to gravity is
approximately 9.8 m/s².

Plugging in the values:

Distance = (1/2) * 9.8 m/s² * (3 s)^2
Distance = (1/2) * 9.8 m/s² * 9 s²
Distance = 44.1 m

Therefore, the distance of the water from the top of the bridge is approximately 44.1 meters.

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 Accelerating Motion: When an object experiences a net force, it undergoes acceleration. Acceleration is
the rate at which an object's velocity changes over time. According to Newton's Second Law (F = ma),
the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass. Therefore, if a force is applied to an object, it will accelerate in the direction of
the force.
 Deceleration: Deceleration, or negative acceleration, occurs when an object's velocity decreases over
time. It happens when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion, causing the object to slow down.
The object still experiences a force, but the force is opposing its current motion.
 Changing Direction: Objects can also experience changes in their direction without changing their
speed. For example, when an object moves in a circular path, it is constantly changing direction even if
its speed remains constant. This change in direction requires a centripetal force directed toward the center
of the circular path.
 Equilibrium: An object is in equilibrium when the net force acting on it is zero, and its velocity remains
constant. There are two types of equilibrium: static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium. In static
equilibrium, the object is at rest, and the forces acting on it are balanced. In dynamic equilibrium, the
object is in motion with a constant velocity, and the forces acting on it are also balanced.05/23/2023 11
 Newton's First Law states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest
or continue to move with constant velocity. In other words, if the sum of all the forces acting on an object is
zero, the object will not accelerate, and its velocity will remain constant.

Mathematically, we can express this law as:

ΣF = 0 ⟹ a = 0 ⟹ v = constant

Here, ΣF represents the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object, a represents the acceleration of the
object, and v represents the velocity of the object. If the net force is zero (ΣF = 0), the acceleration is also
zero (a = 0), and thus the velocity remains constant (v = constant).

For an object at rest: ΣF = 0 This equation states that the sum of all forces acting on an object at rest is
equal to zero. In other words, when no external force is applied, the object remains at rest.

For an object in motion with constant velocity: ΣF = 0 This equation indicates that the sum of all forces
acting on an object in motion at a constant velocity is also equal to zero. In the absence of an external force,
the object continues to move with the same speed and direction.

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Newton's Second Law (NII): F = m a
Let's say we have an object with a mass of 2 kilograms (m = 2 kg) and a net force of 10 Newtons (F = 10
N) acting on it. We can use Newton's Second Law to calculate the acceleration of the object.
Newton's Second Law states that F = ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the
acceleration. Rearranging the formula, we have a = F/m.
Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
a = 10 N / 2 kg
Calculating the division, we find that the acceleration of the object is 5 meters per second squared (m/s²).
Therefore, with a net force of 10 N acting on a 2 kg object, the object will experience an acceleration of 5
m/s² in the direction of the force.

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1. Question: An object with a mass of 5 kilograms experiences an acceleration of 10 meters per second squared. What is the
net force acting on the object?
Answer: To find the net force, we can rearrange Newton's Second Law as F = m * a. Substituting the given values, we get F
= 5 kg * 10 m/s². The net force acting on the object is 50 Newtons.

2. Question: If an object experiences a net force of 20 Newtons and has an acceleration of 4 meters per second squared,
what is its mass?
Answer: To determine the mass of the object, we rearrange Newton's Second Law as m = F / a. Substituting the given values,
we have m = 20 N / 4 m/s². The mass of the object is 5 kilograms.

3. Question: A force of 30 Newtons is applied to an object with a mass of 2 kilograms. What is the acceleration of the
object?
Answer: Using Newton's Second Law, we can calculate the acceleration by rearranging the formula as a = F / m.
Substituting the given values, we find a = 30 N / 2 kg. The acceleration of the object is 15 meters per second squared (m/s²).

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Newton’s third law of motion states that whenever a first object exerts a force on a second object, the first object
experiences a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force that it exerts.

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 ANGULAR ROTATION
Exam Question: A wheel that is rotating at an angular
speed of 20 revolutions per second is brought to rest
after 40 revolutions under constant angular acceleration.
Find the angular acceleration of a point on the wheel
Equations:
 1 radian = arc length / radius
 Degrees to radians: radians = degrees × (π/180)
 Radians to degrees: degrees = radians × (180/π)
 of length 10 units on a circle with radius 2 units.
Arc length = angle in radians × radius
Question: Given an angle in degrees, convert it to radians.
Example: To convert an angle of 30 degrees to radians: radians
= 30 × (π/180) = π/6 radians.
Question: Find the arc length given an angle in
radians and the radius of a circle.
Example: If the angle in radians is 2π/3 and the radius
is 5 units, the arc length would be: arc length = (2π/3)
× 5 = (10π/3) units.
Question: Convert an angle of 5 radians to degrees.
Example: Converting 5 radians to degrees: degrees = 5 ×
(180/π) ≈ 286.48 degrees.
Question: Determine the angle in radians subtended by an arc
Example: If the arc length is 10 units on a circle with radius 2
units, the angle in radians would be: angle in radians = 10/2 = 5
radians
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ANGULAR ROTATION

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 ANGULAR ROTATION
Exam Question: A wheel that is rotating at an angular speed of 20 revolutions per second is brought to rest after 40 revolutions under
constant angular acceleration. Find the angular acceleration of a point on the wheel

Here are the steps to solve the problem:

1. Convert the given angular speed from revolutions per second to radians per second.
Since 1 revolution is equal to 2π radians, we have:
Angular speed = 20 revolutions/second * 2π radians/revolution = 40π radians/second.

2. Determine the final angular speed of the wheel. Since it is brought to rest, the final angular speed is 0 radians per second.

Use the equation of motion for rotational motion:

Final angular speed^2 = Initial angular speed^2 + 2 * angular acceleration * angular displacement.

3. Plug in the known values:

(0 radians/second)^2 = (40π radians/second)^2 + 2 * angular acceleration * (40 revolutions * 2π radians/revolution).

Simplify the equation:

0 = 1600π^2 + 2 * angular acceleration * 80π.

4. Rearrange the equation to solve for the angular acceleration:

2 * angular acceleration * 80π = -1600π^2.
angular acceleration = (-1600π^2) / (2 * 80π).
angular acceleration = -10π radians/second^2.

angular acceleration (revolutions/second^2) = (-10π radians/second^2) / (2π)

angular acceleration (revolutions/second^2) = -5 revolutions/second^2
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