THE

GLOBAL CITY

Report by:
o Alexander Manding
o Jemaimah Gonzaga
o Sherolyn Domenden
o Maricar Barcena
AGENDA
 Introduction
 Why study Global Cities
 Defining the Global City
 Indicators of Globality
 The Challenges of Global Cities
 The Global City and The Poor
 Conclusion or Summary
INTRODUCTION 3

THE GLOBAL CITY:

- Also called world city or sometimes alpha city or

world center, is a city which is a primary node in the
global economic network.

Cities in the globalizing world although globalization

-

certainly affects rural and urban areas, global forces are

centered in cities.
 GLOBALIZATION
-GLOBALIZATION S is in the cities that global operations
are centralized and where we can see most clearly that
phenomena associated with their activities, whether it be
changes in the structure of employment, the formation of
powerful partnerships, the development of monumental real
estate, the emergence of new forms of local governance, the
effects of organized crime, the expansion of corruption, the
fragmentation of informal networks or the spatial isolation
and social exclusion of certain population groups.
WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES? 5

“GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL”
This statement means two things.

1. Globalization is spatial because it occurs in the physical spaces.

2. Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact

that it is based in places.
 In the years to come, more and more people will 6

experience globalization through cities. In 1950,

only 30% of the world lived in urban areas.

 By 2014, the number increased to 54%.

 And by 2050, it is expected to reach 66%.

GLOBALISATION is the reason for the increase

in the number of people living in urban areas
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 DEFINING THE GLOBAL CITY 9

- A Global City is a city generally considered to be a

important node in the global economic system. The
concept comes from geography and urban studies and
rest that globalization can be understood as largely
created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic
locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the
operation of the global system of finance and trade.
The most complex of these entities is the "global city",
whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and
tangible effect on global affairs through socio-
economic means.
 The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by
10
sociologist saskia sassan in her 1991 work, the global city: new york,
london, tokyo though the term "world city" to describe cities that
control A disproportionate amount of global business dates to at least
the may 1886 description of liverpool by the illustrated london news.
Patrick geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915. Cities can
also fall from such categorization, as in the case of cities that have
become less cosmopolitan and less ,internationally renowned in the
current era.

Limiting the discussion of global cities to these three

metropolises ,however , is proving more and more restrictive. The
global economy has changed significantly since sassan wrote her book
and any account of the economic power of the cities today must take
note of the latest development .
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY 11

o Attributes of global cities.

o Economic power.
o Economic opportunities: Make it attractive to talents
across the world.
o Economic competitiveness. Criteria in market size,
purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class and
potential growth.
o Center of authority.
o Political influence: Powerful political hubs exert
influence on their own countries as well on international
affairs
o Center of higher learning and culture.
o Economic power: Determines which cities are global
• The foremost characteristic is economic power. Sassen remains
12
correct in saying that economic power largely determines which
cities are global.
• Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to
talents from across the world.
• Since the 1970s, many of the top IT programmers and engineers
from Asia have moved to the San Francisco Bay area to become
some of the key figures in silicon valley’s technology.
• London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with
nursing degrees.
• To measure the economic competitiveness of a city, the
economist intelligence unit has added other criteria like market
size, purchasing power of citizens, and potential for growth.
• Global cities are also centers of authority.
• Global cities are centers of higher learning and culture.
  Today, Global cities become culturally diverse. In a global city, one
can try cuisines from different parts of the world. Because of 13their
large Turkish populations, for example, berlin and Tokyo offer
some of the best Turkish food one can find outside of turkey .
 Manila is not very global because of the dearth of foreign
residents, but Singapore is, because it has a foreign population of
38%
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES 14

 Global cities conjure up images of fast placed, exciting,

cosmopolitan lifestyles.
 They can be sites of great inequality and poverty as well as
tremendous violence.
 Global cities create winners and losers.
 As Richard Florida notes:
“Ecologists have found that by concentrating their populations in
smaller areas, cities and metros decrease human encroachment on
natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns yield nergy savings,
apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool
than detached suburban houses.”
 Moreover, in cities with extensive public transportation systems,
people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon emissions
 More importantly, because of the massiveness of city populations
15
across the world, it is not surprising that urban areas consume most
of the world’s energy.
 Cities only cover 2% of the world’s landmass, but they consume
78% of global energy.
 Therefore, if carbon emissions must be cut to prevent global
warming, this massive energy consumption in cities must be
curbed.
 This action will require a lot of creativity.
 The major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities.
 Cities, especially those with global influence, are obvious targets
for terrorists due to their high populations and their role as symbols
of globalization that many terrorists despise.
 The same attributes that make them attractive to workers and
migrants make them sites of potential terrorist violence
THE GLOBAL CITY AND
THE POOR

-We have consistently noted that

economic globalization has paved the
way for massive inequality. This
phenomenon is thus very pronounced in
cities.
 As the city attracts more capital and richer
residents are forced to relocate to far away but
cheaper areas. This phenomenon of driving out
the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents
is called GENTRIFICATION.

 Once living in the public urban housing, they

were forced to move farther away from city
centers that offer more jobs, more government
services, and better transportation due to
gentrification. In France, poor Muslim migrants
are forced out of Paris and have clustered
around ethnic enclaves known as banlieue.
 In most of the world’s global cities, the middle class
is also thinning out.
 Globalization creates high income jobs that are
concentrated in global cities.
 These high earners, in turn, generate demand for an
unskilled labor force that will attend to their
increasing needs.
 Meanwhile, many middle-income jobs in
manufacturing and business process outsourcing are
moving to other countries.
 This hallowing out of the middle class in global cities
has heightened the inequality within them.
 A large global city may thus be a paradise for some,
but a suffering for others.
CONCLUSION
Global cities, as noted in this lesson, are sites and
mediums of globalization. They are, therefore,
material representations of the phenomenon.
Through them, we see the best of globalization;
they are places that create exciting fusions of
culture and ideas. They are also places that
generate tremendous wealth. However, they
remain sites of great inequality, where global
servants serve global entrepreneurs. The question
of how globalization can be made more just is
partly a question of how people make their cities
more just.
THANK YOU!!!