Sustainable Water

and
Wastewater
Systems Arthur C. Aguilar
Paulene B. Marquez Marlon Bautista
Master of Science in Computer Engineering
Specialization in Data Science and Engineering
Objectives

 Rationale
 Core Sector Issues, Causes, and Effects.
 Wastewater Management
 Water Treatment Technologies
Objectives

 Understanding Water Cycle

 Connections of Natural and Anthropogenic
water paths
Water Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
 Hydrologic Cycle on Governance

City Area

Rural Area
Philippine Water Resources
Key Water Agencies in Perspective
Philippine Water Resources
Water Availability in the Philippines
• Total renewable water resource
(TRWR)=479 km3/yr: i.e., surface
water runoff (444 km3/yr), a
portion of the rainfall that flows
into streams and groundwater
(180 km3/yr), that portion which
penetrates into the ground water
reservoir, with an overlap of 145
km3/year (AQUASTAT, 2007).
• The major source of surface
freshwater supply are the 421
river basins in the country, each
with a drainage area of at least 40
sq. km.
• Another surface freshwater
supply sources are 59 natural,
inland lakes, freshwater swamps
and marshes.
• There are four major groundwater
reservoirs in Cagayan, Central
Luzon, Agusan, and Cotobato.
• The total dam capacity -
4,753 MCM in
2000 consisting of about 54 small
dams and 6 large dams
 Water Resources Potentials (MCM/year)
Water Groundwater Surface Total Water Estimated
Resources Water Potential Demand in available
Region 2025 water in 2025
I 1,248 3,250 4,498 3,041 1,457
II 2,825 8,510 11,335 12,466 -1,131
III 1,721 7,890 9,611 18,168 -8,557
IV 1,410 6,370 7,780 10,052 -2,272
V 1,085 3,060 4,145 4,167 -22
VI 1,144 14,200 15,341 7,595 7,749
VII 879 2,060 2,939 2,729 210
VIII 2,557 9,350 11,907 1,956 9,951
IX 1,082 12,100 13,182 4,598 8,584
X 2,116 29,000 31,116 3,682 27,434
XI 2,375 11,300 13,675 4,141 9,534
XII 1,758 18,700 20,458 12,806 7,652
TOTAL 20,200 125,790 145,990 85,401 60,586
Philippine Water Resources
Water Quality
Natural Sources
Schematic Diagram of Natural sources and Anthropogenic sources
 Adaptation strategies
GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS

HUMAN WELFARE, PRODUCTIVITY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

WATER SUPPLY
WATERSHED EXCESS
MANAGEMEN WATER AUGMENTATION &
CONSERVATION
T MANAGEMENT

• AGRO-FORESTRY • DRAINAGE SYSTEM REPAIR • IMPROVEMENT /

• SOIL & WATER DEVELOPMENT, DREDGING REHABILITATION OF SYSTEM
CONSERVATIO OF WATERWAYS AND
• WATER SAVING TECHNOLOGIES
N MEASURES CANALS
• WASTEWATER REUSE
• PROTECTION FOREST • RAINWATER HARVESTING
• REGULATED WATER RESOURCE
• REFORESTATION • COASTAL ZONE DEFENSES
DEVELOPMENT
(e.g. TIDAL BARRIER)
• CLOUD SEEDING

REVIEW DESIGN INPUTS FOR

WATER INFRA DEVT.

ENABLING NATIONAL POLICY ON

WATER RESOURCES
 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

VERTIVER GRASS
TECHNOLOGY

TERRACING

PLANTED
VEGETATIVE
STRIPS/AGRO
FORESTRY MULTI-
STOREY
CROPPING

MULCHING &
MINIMUM TILAGE
REFORESTATION
EFFICIENT WATER UTILIZATION

EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY

 RAINWATER HARVESTING

Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP) Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)

Maasin SWIP, Talugtog, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
 THE USE OF WATER FROM SWIP

Libasan SWIP, Davao Norte

Sto Rosario SWIP,
Isabela
Fishery (pond)
(pond)

Fishery (free
Nocnoc SWIP, Nueva spawning)
Samac SWIP, Ilocos
Viscaya
Norte
Samac SWIP, Ilocos
Irrigatio Norte
n
Irrigation

Nocnoc Water
Recreation
Recreatio Supply
n
Domestic use (washing)
(washing)

Livestock
Maguirig
Maguirig
SWIP,
SWIP, Maasin SWIP, Nueva
Nueva Vizcaya Domestic
Maasin SWIP,
Cagayan
Cagayan Vizcaya use
Domestic
(piggery)
use
(piggery)
Source BSWM, 2009
SUSTAINABLE
WATER
MANAGEMENT
 Sustainable
Water
Treatment
Technologies
Water
Treatment
Technologies
Water treatment technologies
refer to the various methods
and processes used to purify
and treat water to make it safe
for human consumption or for
specific industrial purposes.
These technologies are
employed to remove or reduce
contaminants, impurities, and
pollutants present in water
sources, such as rivers, lakes,
groundwater, and even
wastewater.
CATEGORY
OF WATER
TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGI
ES
Coagulation
and
Flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation
are primary processes used
in water treatment to
remove suspended particles
and colloidal impurities from
water. These processes
involve the addition of
chemicals that help in
aggregating and settling the
particles, making them
easier to remove.
 Coagulation: Coagulation is the
initial step in water treatment,
where a coagulant chemical is
added to the water. The most

Coagulation commonly used coagulant is

aluminum sulfate (alum) or ferric
chloride.

and Flocculation: Flocculation follows

coagulation and involves gentle

Flocculation stirring or mixing of the water to

promote the formation of larger
and denser flocs. During
flocculation, a flocculant
chemical, such as a polymer, is
added to enhance the
aggregation of the destabilized
particles.
Sedimentation
• Sedimentation is a process used in
water treatment to separate
suspended particles from water by
allowing them to settle under the
influence of gravity.
Filtration
Filtration is a process used
to separate solid particles or
impurities from a fluid,
typically a liquid or a gas, by
passing it through a porous
medium called a filter. The
filter traps and retains the
particles while allowing the
fluid to pass through,
resulting in cleaner fluid on
the other side.
Disinfection
Chemicals or physical methods
are used to kill or inactivate
microorganisms, such as
bacteria, viruses, and parasites,
that may be present in the water.
Common disinfection methods
include chlorination, ultraviolet
(UV) disinfection, and ozonation.
Desalination
This process is used to remove salt
and other dissolved minerals from
saline or brackish water sources,
making it suitable for drinking or
irrigation. Desalination techniques
include reverse osmosis, distillation,
and electrodialysis.
Advanced Oxidation
Processes (AOPs)

AOPs are used to remove organic

compounds, pharmaceuticals, and
other persistent pollutants through
oxidation processes, often involving
the use of chemicals or advanced
technologies like ultraviolet (UV)
irradiation, ozone, or hydrogen
peroxide.
Ion Exchange
This method involves exchanging
unwanted ions in water with desired
ions using a resin material, effectively
removing dissolved minerals, heavy
metals, and other contaminants.
Biological
Treatment
Natural microorganisms are
employed to break down organic
matter in water, typically in processes
such as activated sludge, trickling
filters, or constructed wetlands.
Membrane
Processes
These processes use semi-
permeable membranes to separate
and concentrate contaminants or
particles from water. Reverse
osmosis and nanofiltration are
common membrane technologies.
Wastewater
Treatment
These technologies focus on treating
and purifying wastewater from
residential, commercial, and
industrial sources, often involving
multiple stages of physical, chemical,
and biological processes.
Centralized Water Treatment VS Decentralized Water Treatment

Large-scale
treatment 01 01 Localized treatment

Expertise and Flexibility and

technology 02 02 adaptability

Decentralized
Centralized

Treatment
Treatment
Water

Water
Centralized Reduced distribution
monitoring and 03 03 losses
control

04 04 More resilient to
Cost efficiency disruptions in the
centralized
infrastructure
Engineered
Ecological
Systems (EES)
Also known as ecological wastewater
treatment systems or constructed
wetlands, are innovative approaches
that utilize natural processes and
ecosystems to treat and purify water.
These systems mimic the functions of
wetlands and leverage the
interactions between plants,
microorganisms, and the environment
to remove pollutants and improve
water quality.
Constructed
Wetlands in the
Philippines
Banaue Constructed
Wetland, Ifugao
Province

The constructed wetland system

utilizes gravel and sand as the filter
media and is designed to treat the
wastewater generated by households
and public establishments. The
treated effluent is discharged into a
nearby river, contributing to improved
water quality and reducing pollution
in the area.
Pilot-Scale Constructed
Wetlands, University of the
Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)

These projects include the use of

constructed wetlands for treating
agricultural wastewater and livestock
effluents. The research aims to
assess the efficiency of constructed
wetlands in removing nutrients and
pollutants from various wastewater
sources and to optimize their design
for Philippine conditions.
San Juan
Constructed
Wetlands, Metro
Manila

The wetland, located in

Pinaglabanan Creek, utilizes
native wetland plants and a
series of interconnected
basins to capture, filter, and
naturally treat stormwater
runoff before it is discharged
into the creek. The project
aims to reduce flooding,
improve water quality, and
create a green space for the
community.
Emerging
Technologies for
Sustainable Water
Nanotechnolog
y in Filtration
Nanofiltration membranes, nanoscale
adsorbents, and nanocatalysts
enhance water purification
processes, removal of contaminants,
and the efficient removal of pollutants
like heavy metals, organic
compounds, and microorganisms.
Desalination
Innovations
Emerging technologies in
desalination aim to make the process
more energy-efficient, cost-effective,
and environmentally friendly. These
include advancements in reverse
osmosis membranes, forward
osmosis, membrane distillation, and
solar desalination.
Smart Water
Management
Smart water management
technologies utilize data,
sensors, and real-time
monitoring to optimize
water use and improve
water distribution
efficiency.
Aquifer Recharge and
Managed Aquifer
Recharge (MAR)

Aquifer recharge involves

replenishing groundwater
reservoirs by infiltrating
water into the ground.
Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR) utilizes engineered
techniques to enhance the
recharge process, such as
infiltration basins, injection
wells, and artificial
recharge systems.
THANK YOU