WATER SUPPLY

INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES, SOURCES,

REQUIREMENT AND TREATMENT
 WATER SUPPLY

CONTENTS
1. ………………………………….........................INTRODUCTION
2. …………………………………….WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES
3. …………………….WATER SUPPLY – DEFINITION AND PURPOSE
4. …….........................................................SPECIALTY IN SERVICE
5. ………..........................OBJECTIVES AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS
6. ………………………………….............SUPPLY REQUIREMENT
7. .....................................................................SOURCES OF SUPPLY
8. …………………………………………..RECYCLING OF WATER

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 WATER SUPPLY

INTRODUCTION
o WHAT IS WATER?
o WHAT IS WATER SUPPLY?
o WHAT IS SANITATION OR WASTE DISPOSAL?
o WHAT IS DRAINAGE SYSTEM?
o WHAT IS SEWERAGE?
o WHAT IS FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM?
o HOW DO ALL THESE SYSTEMS WORK?
o HOW ARE ALL THESE SYSTEMS INTERLINKED?
o WHAT IS THE ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT IN THE DESIGNING OF
THESE SYSTEMS?

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 WATER SUPPLY

WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES

o WATER IS THE MOST
ABUNDANT COMPOUND ON
EARTH'S SURFACE, COVERING
ABOUT 70 PERCENT OF THE
PLANET. IN NATURE, WATER
EXISTS IN LIQUID, SOLID, AND
GASEOUS STATES.
o DENSITY: 1,000.00 KG/M³
o MOLAR MASS: 18.01528 G/MOL
o FORMULA: H2O
o MELTING POINT: 0.0 °C
o BOILING POINT: 99.98 °C
o IUPAC ID: OXIDANE, WATER
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 WATER SUPPLY

WATER SUPPLY
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE
o DEFINITION:
o A COMPLEX OF ENGINEERING
WORKS AND MEASURES AIMED
AT CATCH, TRANSPORTATION,
PURIFICATION, STORAGE AND
DELIVER OF WATER TO THE
CONSUMERS WITH NECESSARY
QUANTITY, QUALITY AND
PRESSURE IN A COMPLIANCE
WITH THE BEST TECHNICAL
AND ECONOMICAL PRACTICE.

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 WATER SUPPLY

WATER SUPPLY
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE
o PURPOSE
o TO SUPPLY WATER AT THE BASIC MOST
LEVEL.
o TO PROVIDE SEPARATE SUPPLY FOR
SEPARATE USES LIKE POTABLE WATER
SUPPLY, INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY,
FIRE WATER SUPPLY
o PROVIDE EFFICIENT WATER FLOW
THROUGH THE SYSTEM SO AS TO AVOID
WASTAGE.

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 WATER SUPPLY

WATER SUPPLY
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE
o BASIC ELEMENTS:
o WATER INTAKES - FROM SURFACE WATER
AND GROUNDWATER
o PUMPING STATIONS
o EXTERNAL PIPELINES (CONDUITS) -
GRAVITY AND (PUMPING) PRESSURIZED
o RESERVOIRS - COLLECTING, SERVICE
(DISTRIBUTION), STORAGE, (ARTIFICIAL)
LAKES
o DISTRIBUTION(WATER SUPPLY) NETWORKS
o PIPELINES AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
FACILITIES - CHAMBERS, VALVES, FITTINGS

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 WATER SUPPLY

SPECIALITY IN SERVICE
o INTERNAL PLUMBING
o PLUMBING FIXTURES
o SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES
o RAIN WATER PIPES
o WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
o BUILDING SEWERS
o STORM WATER DISPOSAL
o INFRASTRUCTURAL SERVICES
o SEWERAGE PUMPING &
TREATMENT
o INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
o WATER RECYCLING
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SPECIALTY IN SERVICE
o OTHER PLUMBING SERVICES
o BASEMENT DRAINAGE AND
PUMPING
o GARDEN HYDRANT SYSTEM
o CENTRALIZED HOT WATER
SYSTEM
o SOLAR WATER HEATING
o WATER TREATMENT FOR
DOMESTIC PURPOSES
o SWIMMING POOL FILTRATION
o FOUNTAINS, CASCADES AND
WATER BODIES
o FIRE SUPPRESSION
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 WATER SUPPLY

SPECIALITY IN SERVICE
o ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
o ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ANALYSIS
o ECOLOGICAL STUDY
o LAND RECLAMATION
o SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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OBJECTIVES AND
THEIR ACHIEVEMENT
o OBJECTIVE – SUPPLY OF o OBJECTIVES – DRAINAGE AND
WATER SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
o PROVISION OF SAFE AND o SAFE AND PROPER DRAINAGE
SUFFICIENT DRINKING WATER. SYSTEM
o OBJECTIVE – FIXTURES o VENT PIPES
o MINIMUM NOS. OF FIXTURES o EXCLUSION OF FOREIGN
o QUALITY SANITARY FIXTURES SUBSTANCES

o WATER TRAP SEAL o GROUND AND SURFACE WATER

o FIXTURE SPACING PROTECTION
o PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION
o PREVENTION OF SEWERAGE
FLOODING 11
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OBJECTIVES AND
THEIR ACHIEVEMENT
o OBJECTIVE – SYSTEM DESIGN
o INSTALLATION
o MAINTENANCE
o STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
o TESTED SYSTEM
o QUALITY OF MATERIAL
o WATER CONSERVATION
o SAFETY
o ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVES – STUDY OF CODES

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OBJECTIVES AND
THEIR ACHIEVEMENT
o OBJECTIVES – SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS
o LARGE VOLUME OF WATER REQUIREMENT
o WATER REQUIREMENT UNDER HIGH PRESSURE
o CORROSIVE/CHEMICAL DISCHARGE
o HOT WATER NORMALLY SUPPLIED
o HIGH AMOUNT DISCHARGE
o REQUIREMENT OF HIGH QUALITY, DISTILLED WATER
o REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
o DRAINAGE FOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
o WATER REQUIREMENT IN HUGE AMOUNTS FOR COOLING

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SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
o DEPENDS UPON
o GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
o BUILDING USAGE
o URBAN OR RURAL SETTING
o LOCAL HABITS
o AVAILABILITY AND HOURS OF SUPPLY
o UNKNOWN CAUSES/SPECIAL CASES
o DAILY WATER SUPPLY
o DAILY WATER SUPPLY = GROSS QUANTITY FOR PEAK DAY IN A YEAR X
TOTAL NO. OF USERS IN A BUILDING

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SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
o DOMESTIC SUPPLY
o 150 TO 200 LITRES PER PERSON PER DAY BUT 135 LITRES PER PERSON
PER DAY IN LIG AND EWS AREAS.
o 70 TO 100 LITRE PER DAY PER PERSON FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE (NON-
FLUSHING) IN URBAN AREAS.
o SEPARATE SUPPLY FOR TOILETS, FLUSHES, KITCHEN AND BATHROOMS
o TO ALLOW UNINTERRUPTED SUPPLY.
o ENABLE USE OF NON-POTABLE WATER IN TOILETS AND FLUSHING.
o PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF POTABLE WATER DUE TO BACK FLOW.
o RESTRICT SUPPLY TO 30-50% FOR TOILETS AND FLUSHES.
o GENERALLY FLUSHING NEEDS ARE CONSIDERED AS 45 LITRES PER PERSON
PER DAY.

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SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
o SWIMMING POOLS
o BECAUSE OF NO. OF USERS, WATER
QUANTITY DEPLETES FAST AND POOL
HAS TO BE REFILLED IN 18-48 HRS.
o WATER IS REUSED BY PRESSURE
FILTER, CHLORINATION, CHEMICAL
DOSING WITH PUMPING TO
RECIRCULATE.
o INITIAL FILLING TIME 24-48 HOURS.
o FIRE FIGHTING
o CONNECTED TO CITY MAINS SUPPLY
o IN INDIA, DIRECT SUPPLY IS NOT
DEPENDABLE HENCE PRESSURE AND
VOLUME HAVE TO BE MAINTAINED.
WATER SUPPLY
o GARDENING AND PLANTATIONS
o EVEN WASTE WATER CAN BE USED
o WATER SUPPLY FOR HORTICULTURE
IS 17000-35000
LITRES/DAY/HECTARE EQUIVALENT
TO 12-25 MM PRECIPITATION PER
WEEK.
o TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SPRINKLERS,
DRIP-IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USE
LESSER WATER.
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 WATER SUPPLY

SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
Sl No. Type of Building Consumption Per Day, liters
(1) (2) (3)
i) Factories where bath rooms are required to be provided 45 per head
ii) Factories where no bath rooms are required to be provided 30 per head
iii) Hospital (including laundry) :
a) Number of beds not exceeding 100 340 per head
b) Number of beds exceeding 100 450 per head
iv) Nurses’ homes and medical quarters 135 per head
v) Hostels 135 per head
vi) Hotel 180 per head
vii) Offices 45 per head
viii) Restaurants 70 per seat
ix) Cinemas, concert halls and theatres 15 per seat
x) Schools:
a) Day schools 45 per head
b) Boarding schools 135 per head

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SOURCES OF SUPPLY
o CITY SUPPLY
o WATER TAPPED FROM
NATURAL SOURCES.
o IDEAL SUPPLY FOR 24
HOURS A DAY WITH
ADEQUATE PRESSURE FOR
FIVE TO SIX STOREYS.
o INCREASING SUPPLY
DEMAND HAS REDUCED
THE CITY SUPPLY TO TWO
TO THREE HOURS A DAY
WITH LESSER PRESSURE.

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SOURCES OF SUPPLY
o WELLS
o QUALITY DEPENDS ON
LOCATION
o DANGER OF BEING
CONTAMINATED BY
AGRICULTURAL WASTE,
DOMESTIC GARBAGE,
SURFACE DRAINS,
SEWERAGE ETC.
o OPEN STREAMS, RIVER,
SPRINGS AND WATER
BODIES
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SOURCES OF SUPPLY
o TUBE WELLS
o ALSO KNOWN AS BORING.
o CONSISTS OF MECHANICALLY
OPERATED AUGERS,
PERCUSSION EQUIPMENT OR
DRILLED BY CORING RIGS.
o HAND PUMPS USES BORES
MADE BY AUGERS WITH
SUCTION PIPES.
o DEEP BORE HAND PUMP
MARK IV FOR DRAWING SAFE
WATER FROM DEEP STRATA.

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RECYCLING OF WATER
o SHORTAGE OF WATER SUPPLY OCCURS DUE TO EMERGING
OVERGROWING DEMAND BUT EVER DECREASING SUPPLY DUE
TO INCREASING POLLUTION, WATER CONTAMINATION AND
DEPLETION OF SOURCES.
o WASTE WATER FROM KITCHEN AND BATH IS CALLED GREY
WATER AS IT HAS DETERGENT AND GREASE.
o ALL REUSE OF WATER SHOULD BE DONE AFTER TREATING IT TO
REDUCE ITS BOD (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) BY
KEEPING IT AT 20OC FOR FIVE DAYS.
o LATER ON SCREENING, AERATION AND SETTLEMENT &
SEPARATION OF SLUDGE IS DONE BY FILTRATION, SOFTENING
AND CHLORINATION. SETTLED SLUDGE IS DRIED AND REMOVED.

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RECYCLING OF WATER
o QUANTITY
o TOTAL WATER CONSUMED AT DOMESTIC LEVEL HAS AN AVAILABILITY OF
75-80% FOR REUSE WHEREAS THE REMAINING IS EVAPORATED.
o AFTER SLUDGE REMOVAL, ONLY 60-70% REMAINS FOR REUSE.
o QUALITY
o NOT POTABLE
o USEFUL FOR TOILETS, GARDENS, AIR CONDITIONING, FIRE FIGHTING.
o REMOVED SLUDGE CAN BE CONSUMED AS MANURES.

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REFERENCES
o FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
- S. C. RANGWALA
o NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
o WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
- S. K. HUSSAIN
o PLUMBING DESIGN AND PRACTICES
- S. G. DEOLALIKAR

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