WELCOM

STANDARDS FOR DIFFERENT

E
topic
USERS. SOURCES OF WATER
SUPPLY
GROUP MEMBERS : SAMARTH CHANDRAKANT PARASPATKI
SUKANYA VIJAY NANDREKAR.
WATER STANDAR WATER
DS SOURCES
1 2 3

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INTRODUCTI STANDARDS SOURCES
ON IS
WHAT DOMESTICS SURFACE M
WATER? INDUSTIAL SUB SURFACE
NEED OF PUBLIC
WATER UTILITIES
% OF WATER
 WATER IS A CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE WITH THE
CHEMICAL FORMULAA H2O. ITS
MOLECULE CONTAINS ONE
OXYGEN AND TWO HYDROGEN
ATOMSCONNECTED BY
COVALENT BOND

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WATER
WATER IS THE NATURES GIFT TO
HUMAN RACE

GROUND WATER 22%

97% 3%
LAKES RIVER STREMS 1%
OCEAN FRESH FROZEN 77%
WATER WATER
 WATER
Water –inexhaustible gift of nature City development
But to ensure their services for all the Here you need to add some brief
time to come ,it becomes necessary to about the service that your company
maintain ,conserve and use these is providing currently
resources very carefully

about
Role of water State
Water plays an important role in the The water is available in solid liquid and
manufacture of essential commodities gases form
,generation of electric The occurrence of water in all these three
power ,transportation , forms is basically important for human being
recreation ,industrial activity for comfort luxury and various other
necessities

Raw material Users

It is the principal raw material for
food production and for many many
other uses outside the home and on
farm.
The use of water by man ,plant and
animal is universal .
As a matter of fact every living soul
require water for survival.
It is essential for life , health and
sanitation
HOW DO WE
GET WATER?

Water
cycle
 To know
HOW MUCH LPCD TREATMENT
WATER IS MDD PLANT AND
NEEDED ? MHD SUPPLY
FIRE SYSTEAM
DEMAND INTRODUCTI
ON
 DEMAND OF WATER REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS
EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES
AS PER IS 1192:1993
LIG HIG
HOW MUCH
WATER IS DOMESTIC – 50 TO 60% 135 LPCD 200 LPCD

demand
NEEDED ? INDUSTRIAL / COMMERCIAL – 20 TO 70 LPCD
25 %
PUBPLIC UTILITIES – 15 TO10 10 LPCD
%
THEFTS / LEAKAGES – 15 TO 20 55 LPCD

LPCD – LITRE PER CAPITA PER DAY

LPCD = TOTAL YEAR REQ. FOR COMMUNITY /
POPULATION
365 X DESIGN POPULATION
 THE QUALITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR
DOMESTIC PURPOSE CAN BE SUBDIVIDED AS
FOLLOW
DRINKING – HUMAN BODY : OF WATER
CONTAINS 70%
BLOOD FORMATION , FOOD ASSIMILATION
DOMESTIC AVEARAGE WATER REQUIRED IS 2L PER DAY
IT SHOULD BE PROTECTED, PORTABLE , PALATABLE
PURPOSE COOKING – 5L PER DAY ( DEOENDS UPON FAMILY)

domastic
BATHING – DEPENDS UPON HABBIT OF PEOPLE, TYPE OF
CLIMATE ,
30 TO 40 L PER HEAD PER DAY FOR TUB-BATH
WASHING HANDS , FACE ETC. – 5 TO 10 L PER HEAD PER DAY
HOUSEHOLD SANITARY PURPOSES – 50 TO 60 PER HEAD PER DAY

DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND PRIVATE VEHICLES - PRIVATE

GARDENING AND IRRIGATIONS
 INDUSTRIAL
PURPOSE
Power stations
Huge amount of water will be required for working out
power station .but generally the power stations are
situated away from cities and they do not represent a
serious problem to public water supply

Factories

industria
The quantity of water required for the
purposes involved in the factories will
naturally depend upon the nature of
product, size of factory etc. And it has

l
no relation with density of population

Railways and airports

In most of the cases , the railways and
airport makes their own arrangement
regarding their water requirement and
included in any public water scheme .
Railway – 25- 70 lit of water /per
head per day
Air port- 70 lit of water /per head per
day
 CIVIC OR PUBLIC
PURPOSE
Road washing
The road with heavy amount of
dust are to be sprinkled with
water to avoid inconvenience to
the user. Water req . 5
liter/head/day

public
Sanitation purpose
Water is req. for cleaning public
sanitary blocks. Water assumed
for this is 2-3 liter/head/day

Ornamental purpose
In order to adorn the town with
decorative features ,the
fountains lakes ponds are
sometime provided
 •
Fire demands: usually a fire occurs in factories and stores
•
The quantity of water required for fire fighting purpose should be easily
FIRE DEMAND available and always kept stored in storage reservoir.
• The fire hydrants are located in the mains at distance of not more than 150
or so.

timeline
• When a fire occurs , the pumps installed on trucks are immediately rushed
to the site of fire occurrence and these pumps when connected to fire
hydrants , are capable of throwing water with high pressure.
• The discharge of stream should be about 1100litres per min.
• If a fire assumed to last for 3 hours and if provision is to be made for 4
fires at a time ,
• the quantity of fire water will be: 3 X 1100 X 60 X 3 X 4= 2376000Ltrs
 WATER REQUIREMENT VARIES
ACCORDING TO
• AREA
• ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
MDD • TOPOGRAPHY
MHD • HABITS
services

demand
index
follow

teams

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INTERMITTENT
SUPPLY OF
SYSTEM
WATER
SYSTEM CONTINOUS SYSTEM

MDD – MAX. DAILY

DEMAND
MHD – MAX. HOURLY
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF
DEMAND

SIZE OF CITY BIG CITY SMALL TOWN

CLIMATIC

factors
CONDITIO SUMMER WINTER
N

COST OF HIGH LOW

WATER

DISTRIBUTIO
N SYSTEM HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF
DEMAND

SUPPLY GOOD SUPPLY BAD SUPPLY

SYSTEM
QUALITY

factors
OF WATER GOOD BAD

INDUSTRIES SMALL BIG

HABIT OF
PEOPLE MIG EWS
[LIVING
STYL]
 timeline
INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY
 SOURCES OF WATER

SOURC
SURFACE WATER UNDERGROUND WATER

ES
SOURCES SOURCE
LAKES AND STREAMS INFILTRATION
GALLARIES
LAKES INFILTRATION WELLS
PONDS SPRINGS
WELLS
LAKES AND STREAMS :

LAKES ANS
STREAMS
 A NATURAL LAKES REPRESENTS A LARGE BODY OF WATER WITHIN LAND
WITH IMPERVIOUS BED.
 THE LAKE SHOULD BE ACCURATELY DETERMINED AND SHOULD BE SEEN
THAT IT IS AT LEAST EQUAL TO THE EXPECTED DEMAND OF LOCALITY.
 SIMILARLY THE STREAMS WHICH ARE FORMED BY THE SURFACE RUNOFF.
 WHICH LAKES ARE LOCATED AT TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN THEY CONTAIN THE
PURE WATER AS IMPERVIOUS MOUNTAINS INTERRUPT CLOUDS AND
COLLECT RAIN WATER DIRECTLY.
 FLOW OF WATER IN STREAMS IS QUITE AMPLE IN RAINY SEASONS AND
SOMETIMES STREAMS BECOMES ABSOLUTELY DRY.
 THE CATCHMENT AREA OF LAKES AND STREAMS IS VERY SMALL HENCE
THEY ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY .
 THE AVAILABLE WATER FROM THESE SOURCES IS FREE FROM IMPURITES
AND SAFE FOR DRINKING PURPOSES.
 PONDS
PONDS :
 A POND IS A MANMADE WATER BODY SMALLER THAN LAKE .
 THE PONDS ARE FORMES DUE TO DIGGING OF GROUND FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS . HOUSES ETC.
 THE QUANTITY OF WATER IN PONDS IS VERY SMALL AS
COMPARED TO LAKE AND IT CONTAINS MANY IMPURITES.
 A POND CANNOT BE ADOPPTED AS A SOURCE OF WATER
SUPPLY AND ITS WATER CAN ONLY BE USED FOR WASHING OF
CLOTHES OR FOR ANIMALS.
RIVERS :

RIVERS
 MANY BROOKS , SPRINGS AND STREAMS COVERAGE TO FORM A RIVEER.
 THE RIVERS ARE CLASSIFIED IN TWO TYPES :
1. PERENNIAL RIVERS
2. NON-PERENNIAL RIVERS.
 PERENNIAL RIVERS ARE SNOW FED HENCE MAINTAIN SAME FLOW OF WATER
IN ANY SEASON.
 FOR SUCH TYPE OF RIVERS ITS DESIRAABLE TO STORE THE EXCESS WATEROF
FLOOD IN MANSOONS BY CONSTRUCTING DAMS ACROSS SUCH RIVERS .
 THE PRINCIPAL USES OF RIVER ARE AS FOLLOWS :
1. IT CAN BE DEVELOPED AS THE CHIEF SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY FOR
TOWN / CITY.
2. USED FOR NAVIGATION.
3. USED TO SUPPLY FOR WATER IRRIGATION .
4. IT CAN SERVE AS AGENT OOF PURIFICATION OF WASTES.
 WATER AVAILABLE FROM THE NON PERENNIAL RIVER IS VARIABLE
THROUGHTOUT THE YEAR AND FALLL DOWN IN HOT SEASON.
 RIVER CONTAINS SUSPENDED IMPURITES.
 FORMES OF UNDERGROUND
SOURCES
INFILTRATION
GALLARIES

UNGROUND
SOURCES
INFILTRATION UNDERGRO
WELLS UND SPRINGS
SOURCES

WELLS
 N GALLARIES
INFILTRATIO
INFILTRATION GALLARIES :
 IT IS A HORIZONTAL TUNNEL WHICH IS CONSTRUCTED THROUGH WATER
BEARING STRATA .THE GALLARIES CONSTRUCTED OF BRICK WALLS WITH
SLAB ROOFS .
 THE GALLARIES OBTAINED WATER FROM THE BEARING STRATA BY VARIOUS
POROUS DRAIN PIPES .
 THESE PIPES ARE COVERED WITH GRAVEL ,PEBBELS ETC.SO AS TO PREVENT
THE ENTRY OF FINE MATERIAL INTO PIPE
 GALLARIES ARE LAID ON THE SLOP AND WATER COLLECTED IN GALLARY IS
LED TO A SUMP FROM WHERE IT IS PUMPED .
 THE MANHOLES ARE PROVIDED FOR MAINTAINING PURPOSE.
 THESSE ARE USEFUL AS WATER SUPPLY WHEN UNDERGROUND WATER IS
AVAILABLE IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITY .
 THE DEPTH OF THIS GALLARIES ARE 5TO 10 M FROM GROUND LEVEL.
 INFILTRATIO
INFILTRATION WELLS:

N WELLS
 IN ORDER TO OBTAIN LARGE QUANTITY OF WATER THE INFILTRATION
WELLS ARE SUNK IN SERIES IN BANK OF RIVER .

 THE WELLS ARE CLOSED AT TOP AND OPEN AT BOTTOM .

 THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED IN BRICK MASONARY AND MANHOLE IS PROVIDED

AT THE TOP.

 THE SANDY BED IS PROVIDED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL FOR

FILTRATION OF WATER .

 THESE WELLS ARE CONNECTED BY POROUS PIPES TO COLLECT SUMP

KNOWN AS JACK WELLS .

 THE WATER FROM JACK WELL IS PUMP[ED TO THE PURIFICATION PLANT

 SPRINGS :

SPRINS
 WHEN GROUND WATER APPEARS AT THE SURFACE FOR ANY REASON THE
SPRINGS ARE FORMED .
 THEY SERVE AS SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY FOR SMALL TOWN ESSPECIALLY
NEAR HILLS / BASES OF HILLS .
 SOME SPRINGS ARE DISVHARGE HOT WATER DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF
SULPHUR AND OTHER MINARALS .
 WHEN SPRINGS IS TO BE DEVELOPED AS A SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY THE
FOLLOWING FACTORS ARE FOLLOW –
1. EASIER , CHEAPER TO DEVELOP DOR LOCALITY .
2. FLOW OF WATER SHOULD BE ADQUATE EVEN DRY WEATHER.
3.SPRINGS ARE PROTECTED FROM WATER POLLUTION SOURCES .
4. THE SPRING SHOULD BE LOCATED AS TO HAVE NATURAL GRAVITY FLOW.
5.WATER SHOULD HAVE GOOD QUALITY .
WELLS :
 A WELL IS A ARTIFICIAL HOLE /PIT MADE IN THE GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE

WELLS
OF TAPPING WATER .
 IN INDIA CHIEF SOURCE OF WATER SUPLY FOR MOST OF ITS POPULATION IS
WELLS .
 THE THREEE FACTORS WHICH FORM THE THEORY OF WELLS -
1. GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE EARTH SURFACE .
2. POROSITY OF VARIOUS LAYERS
3. QUANTITY OF WATER WHICH IS ABSORBED AND STORED IN DIFFERENT
LAYERS.
 THE GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE EARTHS SURFACE INDICATE THE
SLOPE OF THE WATER BEARING STRATA .
 IF SLOPE TOWARDS THE WELL SUCH WELLS ARE CONTAIN THE SOME
QUANTITY OF WATER IN HOT SEASON .
 IF THE SLOPE IS AWAY FROM THE WELL THEN SUCH WELLS ARE SOON GET
DRY .
 THE POROSITY OF AQUIFIRES PLAYS A GREAT ROLE IN DETERMINING THE
QUANTITY OF WATER IN WELL .
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