Natural Resources

An issuance of Water Sustainability

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 OBJECTIVES
By the end of lesson you should know;
✓ the importance of water as a resource, understand what
is hydrological cycle, Importance of River & Rivers of
Pakistan.
✓ the use of water in Domestic, Agriculture and Industries,
Irrigation system of Pakistan.
✓ about Indus water treaty and its importance.
✓ what are dams and barrages and its differences.
✓ about water logging, Salinity and Siltation.

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Brain Storming

• Define Water/ Hydrological cycle.

• How can we differentiate between
renewable and non renewable
resources?
• Is water a renewable or non
renewable resource? Explain reason.

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 Introduction to Natural Resources
• Resources are defined as means of meeting a need ,
particularly an economic or social need, of the
people.
• Natural resources are of two types:
1. Renewable
2. Non-renewable

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 Natural Resources
Non-
Renewable
renewable
Continuous water, Fossil fuels
Wind Waves, remains of
Sunlight animals and plants

Sustainable e.g.
Minerals metallic
vegetation, soil,
& non- metallic
landscape

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 Importance of River system

As:
ADDS TO THE
SUPPLY WATER SCENIC BEAUTY OF
FOR IRRIGATION THE AREA
HELPS TO
GENERATE
HYDRO-
ELECTRICITY
RIVER
INCREASES
FERTILITY OF SOIL
BY CARRYING
ALLUVIUM
PROVIDES WATER FOR
FISHING IS DOMESTIC AND
PRACTICED HERE INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES

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Hydrological cycle/ Water cycle

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Draw Hydrological cycle showing:
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation
4. evapotranspiration
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Lesson # 2

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What are the names of the 5
rivers of Pakistan?

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 RIVER SYSTEMS OF PAKISTAN
There are two River systems of Pakistan.
1. The INDUS system
2. Rivers of Balochistan
INDUS SYSTEM
Largest river of Pakistan
Cultivate 60% of Pakistan’s
land
Open drainage system
Highest flow during Monsoon
season.
RIVERS OF BALOCHISTAN
Smaller than Indus system
Little value for source of
irrigation
Normally flow during
Monsoon season and remains
dry for most of the year
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Indus System
• Drainage Pattern of
Indus system?
• The Indus River enters the South-East
of Baltistan from Tibet and Kashmir
and flows North-West in a series of
deep gorges between the Karakoram
and Himalayan Ranges. Soon after
entering the Gilgit district it turns
South between the Hindu Kush and
the Himalayas and then West and
later South-West. After leaving the
mountainous region, the river enters
the plains of Punjab and Sindh and
then finally flows into the Arabian
Sea. Its total length is 3,180 km

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Eastern & Western
Tributaries
of
River Indus
(Book Pg. 52)
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Rivers of Baluchistan
(Booklet Pg. 5- 7)

• Drainage
Pattern of
rivers of
Baluchistan?
• (Book Pg. 53) 15
Ground Water
Ground water is a water found
underground in the cracks and spaces
in soil, sand and rock.
Water Table:
The level below which the ground is
saturated (filled) with water.

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 Uses of Water
DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIAL

Domestic uses of water Agricultural water is used Industrial uses of water

includes: for: includes:
1. Drinking 1. Mostly Irrigation 1. Washing
2. Washing 2. Pesticide applications 2. Cooling
3. Cooking 3. Fertilizer application
4. Sanitation

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 Tanning Industry
Pharmaceutical Food Processing
(for washing and Industry (for preparing
Industry ( for
dying etc)
Injections, drips etc) juices, syrups etc)

Chemical
Industry (for Industrial uses Hydro-electric
making Acids, Power Stations
liquid, solutions
of Water
etc)

Textile Industry (for Iron and Steel Thermal Power

washing, dyeing, Industry ( to cool Stations (to produce
printing) down the furnace steam that makes
for making steel etc) the turbines move)
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Lesson # 3

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Refer to page 55 fig. 3.10

Give two causes of the

Ineffectiveness of rainfall in
Pakistan.
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VIDEO MAKING GROUP ACTIVITY
1. Students were divided into pairs and were assigned
topics to search or make videos related to the topic
given to them.
2. Videos are to be uploaded in the files of the Teams
3. Teacher will use the videos during the lesson, to explain
the methods

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 Irrigation
“Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to the land to
encourage plant growth”.
Why do we need Irrigation?
About 75 % of the cultivated area is under irrigation in Pakistan.
Pakistan experiences arid or semi-arid conditions in most of the
areas
➢ High variability in distribution and timings of rainfall
➢ Long dry spells
➢ Rainfall in heavy showers
➢ Low amount of rainfall

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 Irrigation system in Pakistan
• Conventional System:
1. Shaduf
2. Charsa
3. Persian Wheel
(Booklet Pg. 8- 11)
4. Karez
5. Tank Irrigation
6. Inundation Canals
• Modern Irrigation System
1. Perennial Canals
2. Tube Wells
3. Sprinkler/ Spray Irrigations
4. Tankers
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Objective:

Identify the image/photograph of Conventional and

Modern methods of irrigation

Describe how each of the methods work

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of

Conventional and Modern methods of irrigation.
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 Conventional Irrigation System
Shaduf The water is drawn
from a well, river or canal by a
bucket which is attached to a pole
on one side and the weight on
the other side.
Charsa is a method of
irrigation in which animal power
is used to pull out water from the
well. One side of rope is tied to
animal’s foot and the other side is
tied with the bucket.

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Conventional Irrigation System cont’d

Persian Wheel is a
mechanical water lifting device
operated usually by draught
animals like Buffaloes and
Camels. It is used to lift water
from open wells.

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 Persian Wheel

Horizontal wheel
Vertical wheel
Both the wheels attached with
each other through a wooden
shaft
Horizontal wheel rotates by
man power or draft power
Water from the bucket is
emptied into troughs

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Conventional Irrigation System Cont’d

Tank Irrigation is done by

constructing mud banks across
small streams to make a small
reservoir which collect excess
water during the rainy season.

Inundation Canals are long

canals taken of from large
rivers. They receive water
when the river is high enough
and when it has flood.

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 Modern Irrigation System
Perennial Irrigation
They are linked to dams and
barrages to provide water
throughout the year and they
irrigate a vast area.
Tube Wells
They are deeper wells from
which water is lifted with the
help of pumping set operated
by an electric motor or diesel
engine.
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 Modern Irrigation System Cont’d

Sprinkler Irrigation is a
method of applying irrigation
water which is similar to
rainfall. Water is distributed
through a system of pipes by
pumping.
Tankers collect water from
the ponds and lakes and
provide it to households and
fields in case of emergency.

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 Conventional Methods of irrigation
Advantages Disadvantages
➢ Cost effective ➢ Irrigate limited area as only small amount
of water can be obtained
➢ easy
➢ Require manual labor or animal power

➢ More time consuming

➢ Inundation canals are used only during

rainy period or when the river is high

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 Modern Methods of Irrigation
Advantages
➢ Irrigate large area of agricultural land e.g.
Perennial canals
➢ More efficient, water is readily available
for both Rabi crops and Kharif Crops
➢ Tube wells help to lower the water table
and check waterlogging and salinity
➢ Sprinklers reduce water loss from
evaporation and seeping from unlined
canals
➢ Tankers provide water to those areas
where other means of irrigation are not
available
Disadvantages
➢ Expensive methods
➢ Tube wells are expensive to install and
also consume electricity or diesel
➢ Unaffordable for small-scale subsistence
farmers
➢ Tankers require fuel so expensive method
of irrigation
➢ Unlined Perennial canals cause
waterlogging and salinity and has wasted
thousands of acres of land in Pakistan
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 Questions

What are Perennial Canals and why are they better than Inundation
Canals?
With reference to photograph, explain how this machine is used for
water supply?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing this
Persian Wheel with a Tube well?
Name one traditional method of irrigation.
Name one modern method of irrigation.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods of
irrigation for small-scale subsistence farmers you have named in (i)
and (ii). (6)
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Weekend activity

INDUS WATER TREATY

RESEARCH

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Lesson # 5th & 6th

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 Brainstorming Questions

1. Why are Dams needed in a Country?

2. Why are dams extremely important
for Pakistan?
Name the major dams of Pakistan.

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 INDUS WATER TREATY
In 1960 an agreement was
signed that is known as
Indus water treaty. Under
this treaty Pakistan received
exclusive rights to the water
of the western rivers which
included Indus, Jehlum &
Chenab and India received
eastern rivers which include
Ravi, Beas & Satluj.
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INDUS WATER TREATY

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 IMPORTANCE OF TREATY
1. The treaty guaranteed 10 years of uninterrupted water
supply. During this period, Pakistan was to build huge dams,
financed partly by long-term World Bank loans and
compensation money from India.
2. Three multipurpose dams: Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela were
built
3. A system of 8 link canals was also built.
4. Five barrages and a gated siphon were also constructed
under this treaty

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 DAMS
• “A dam is a barrier constructed to
hold back water and raise its level,
forming a reservoir used to generate
electricity or as a water supplier.”

• There are 2 major dams in Pakistan:

1. Tarbela dam
2. Mangla dam

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 DAMS cont’d
Mangla dam is a multi-purpose
dam located on the jhelum river
in the Mirpur district of Azad
Kashmir in Pakistan. It is the 7th
largest dam in the world.

Tarbela dam is an earth-filled

dam along the Indus river in
Paksitan’s KPK province. The
dam was completed in 1976 &
considerd as 5th largest river of
the world by structural volume.

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 BARRAGES
“Barrage is an artificial barrier across a
river to prevent flooding, aid irrigation or
navigation , or to generate electricity by
tidal power.”

– There are four barrages in Pakistan:

1. Chasma barrage
2. Rasul barrage
3. Marala barrage
4. Qadirabad barrage

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 Difference between dams & barrages
DAMS BARRAGE
1. Used for purpose of Water 1. Used for purpose of Water
storage and HEP storage only
2. Great height and depth 2. Longer than dams but less in
3. Constructed on high mountains height
4. Expensive to build 3. They are present on flat land
4. Cost of construction is less

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Students will roughly draw the rivers and
then use different colours to show major
dams and barrages of Pakistan on booklet
map practice pages.

WRAP UP PRACTICE!

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DEBATE TIME!!

Students will end the lesson with 5

mins debate on the Q-Box question
on pg 60 Textbook

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Lesson # 7th and 8th

Booklet Worksheets
Graded and Ungraded

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Lesson # 9th and 10th
Student’s Graded Brochures

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 SILTATION
‘‘Fine particles of soil carried or deposited by water are called SILT.”
CAUSES EFFECTS CONTROL
➢ Abundance of silt eroded ➢ Blockage of canals. ➢ Afforestation
from Karakoram, Hindu ➢ Weakens the foundation ➢ Cemented embankments
Kush and Himalayan of dams. of canals.
mountains. ➢ Choking of irrigation ➢ Installation of silt traps.
➢ Deforestation canals. ➢ Regulating canal water.
➢ Eroded material is washed ➢ Reduced capacity of ➢ Raising height of the dam.
down to plain areas from reservoir.
mountains ➢ Heavy damages due to
hampered flow of flood
water.

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53

‘‘The rise of the water-table to the surface level is called waterlogging.’’
CAUSES
➢ Inadequate surface
Drainage
➢ Seepage from canal
system
➢ Over irrigation of
fields
➢ Destruction of natural
drainage
➢ Inadequate capacity
for aerial drainage
➢ Construction of a
water reservoir
WATERLOGGING
EFFECTS
➢ Decrease in available
capillary water
➢ Fall in soil temperature
➢ Defective air circulation
➢ Rise of salt
➢ Delay in cultivation
operations
➢ Growth of flora
➢ Adverse effects on
community health
SOLUTION
➢ Providing efficient
surface Drainage.
➢ Reducing leakage from
canals.
➢ Restriction of
irrigation.
➢ Adoption of sprinkler
method for irrigation
➢ Removing obstructions
in natural drainage.
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 SALINITY
‘‘If the concentration of harmful salts in the root zone of a plant increases to such on extent
that plant growth is effected, this situation is called salinity.’’
CAUSES PREVENTIVE MEASURES CURATIVE MEASURES
Every agricultural soil has certain ➢ Controlled Irrigation.  Treatment by Leaching
mineral salts which are also Process
➢ Providing adequate
called alkali salts in it like NaCl,
Na2CO3, etc. When these soluble
surface drainage.  Chemical Treatment
alkali salts are excess in soil and ➢ Allowing lower intensity  Treatment by Mulching
further ground water table is very of irrigation.
near to ground, these salts get ➢ Reducing surface
mixed with ground water and
evaporation.
with upward movement
of water not only accumulate in ➢ Not using alkaline water
first 3~4ft of soil layer below for irrigation purpose
ground surface but also form a
thin 2”~3” crust on surface.
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