Super Water Technology Ltd

特級水處理有限公司

Rainwater Recycling System

At
CONTRACT 3408 - THIRD RUNWAY CONCOURSE AND APRON
WORKS

DEC 2022
● Topic: Rainwater Harvesting System

● Speaker: Stephen Wong

● Date: 28th December , 2022

Rainwater
Harvesting
System

Stephen Wong
 Project Title
Rainwater Recycling System at Third Runway Concourse, Chek Lap Kok
Introduction to Rainwater Recycling System

A Rainwater Recycling System (RWRS) is a collection of components that are

used together to collect, store, and distribute rainwater throughout the home.
Although this practice seems quite simplistic, in actuality designing and
installing a RWRS system requires much planning and design considerations
to ensure the proper operation of the system. In planning for the installation of
a rainwater system in your home, Figure 1 shows the components of a
RWRS system that must be taken into account:

What rainwater harvesting?

Water is increasingly becoming a scarce
resource.

Combination of climate change and Poor

water management is leading to
shortages.

Drier as a result of global warming

Help reduce our own personal usage and

reliance on mains water,

Saving money and helping the

environment at the same time.
Why rainwater harvesting?
 Irrigation of public parks and
recreation centers

Irrigation of landscaped areas

surrounding commercial, office, and
industrial developments

Irrigation of golf courses

Landscape uses and decorative

water features, such as fountains,
reflecting pools, and water­falls

Rainwater Harvesting for using…..?

 Commercial uses such as vehicle
washing facilities, laundry facilities,
window washing, and mixing water for
pesticides, herbicides, and liquid
fertilizers

Dust control and concrete production

for construction projects

Fire protection through reclaimed

water fire hydrants

Toilet and urinal flushing in commercial

and industrial buildings
Rainwater Harvesting for using…..?
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?

1. ROOF SURFACE
2. GUTTER MESH
3. GUTTER OUTLETS
4. RAIN HEADS
5. FIRST FLUSH DIVERTER
6. TANK SCREEN
7. WATER TANK
8. INSECT PROOF SCREENS
or FLAP VALVES
9. TANK TOP UP
10. PUMP SYSTEM
11. RAINWATER FILTER
12. WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?
How do rainwater harvesting systems work?
(Public Rental Housing- Hong Kong Housing Authority and Housing Department)
Since April 2012, designed RHS in all new building
projects

How do rainwater harvesting systems work?

(Sustainability Report 2012/13 , Hong Kong Housing Authority)
Purpose and Nature of the Project

The Water Supplies Department (WSD) promulgated the Total Water

Management Strategy in 2008 to ensure sustainable and reliable water
supply in Hong Kong. The Strategy puts an emphasis on containing the
growth of water demand through water conservation and exploiting new
water resources. The WSD is currently exploiting three new water
sources, namely desalinated seawater, reclaimed water and recycled
grey water/harvested rainwater, to supplement the three existing water
sources, being local yield, Dongjiang (DJ) water and seawater for
flushing.( LCQ13: Management of water resources)

Third Runway Concourse has a bigger site area and develop landscaped
area around the concourse. There will be significant water demand for
landscaping irrigation. Based on the current planning, the total
landscaping areas and corresponding daily irrigated water demand are
estimated to be few hundred cubic meter respectively. The most
significant demand for irrigation water is the concourse building area.
Potable water from Water Supply Department is generally used for
landscape irrigation.
Water sources in Third Runway Concourse that can be recycled include
grey water and/or rainwater and condensate from air-conditioning
systems. Of these, grey water recycle is considered to be the most
promising and can provide a steady source of treated effluent.

The recycled rainwater and greywater will be for beneficial uses such as
landscape irrigation, street cleaning and water features. The recycle
applications will undoubtedly enhance the image of Third Runway
Concourse development as an environmentally friendly community.

Reclaimed water will serve to occasional irrigation of outdoor planted areas

or flush toilets. The catchment area consists of the flat roofs and awnings of
the structure, directed to an at-grade tank for storage. Overflow from the
tank will be directed toward the site’s storm water management system. It
will contain enough water for landscape irrigation. When near empty, the
irrigation tank will be automatically supplemented with city water. The
recycling and reuse system is also designed to minimize the need for regular
maintenance and manual operations, and to perform transparently so as to
provide a visible example of the potential for rainwater recycling and reuse in
the community.

*All outdoor hose taps dispensing rainwater must be provided with signage stating the
following: “WARNING: NON-POTABLE WATER — DO NOT DRINK.”
Reference ?
Guidelines ?
 World Health Organisation in 1971 (WHO, 1971)
Guidelines for the reuse of effluents, considering
methods of wastewater treatment and health safeguards

BSI British Standards

Rainwater harvesting systems – Code of practice ,
BS 8515:2009

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)

US EPA 2012 reuse water guideline, EPA/600/R-12/618,
September 2012

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

ASAE EP405.1 FEB03, Design and Installation of Micro-
irrigation Systems

non-potable domestic use

 BSI British Standards
Rainwater harvesting systems – Code of
practice , BS 8515:2009

Design, Installation, water quality, maintenance, risk

management

The storage is based on the general rule of 18 days of

average rainfall, 5% of the annual rainwater
Catchment Area : YR = A × e × h × h × 0.05 (1)
where:
YR is the annual rainwater yield (L);
A is the collecting area (m2);
e is the yield coefficient (%);
h is the depth of rainfall (mm);
h is the hydraulic filter efficiency.

BSI British Standards , Rainwater harvesting systems – Code of practice , BS 8515:2009

BSI British Standards , Rainwater harvesting systems – Code of practice , BS 8515:2009
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)
Introduction
● Globally, the EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse has also
had far-reaching influence.

● Many countries of the world also reference the World

Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for the Safe Use
of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey water.

● EPA has developed the 2012 Guidelines for

Water Reuse

US EPA 2012 reuse water guideline, EPA/600/R-12/618, September 2012

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)

Motivation
● Improved agricultural production

● Reduced energy consumption associated with

production, treatment, and distribution of water;

● Significant environmental benefits, such as reduced

nutrient loads to receiving waters due to reuse of
the treated wastewater.

US EPA 2012 reuse water guideline, EPA/600/R-12/618, September 2012

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)

Purpose
● Representing water treatment technologies
(combined with disinfection) offer a ladder of
increasing water quality,

● Choosing the right level of treatment should be

dictated by the end application of the reclaimed
water for achieving economic efficiency and
environmental sustainability.

US EPA 2012 reuse water guideline, EPA/600/R-12/618, September 2012

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)

Purpose

US EPA 2012 reuse water guideline, EPA/600/R-12/618, September 2012

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

Filtration :-
For Screen Filter, screen’s size shall be recommended 75 to
150 micron (0.075~0.15 mm),
For Media Filter, media size shall be recommended 25 to
200 micron (0.025 ~ 0.2 mm),
Filtration surface area shall be within 14 ~ 26 gpm/ft2 (34.0 ~
63.0 M3/hr/m2 )
 
Chemical Injection :-
For high pH waters, acids can be injected to adjust pH to
increase the bacteria-killing property of the hypochlorite
 
The concentration of chemicals to be injected in the irrigation
water is normally very low, with ranges of 4–100 ppm for
fertilizers and 0.5–10 ppm for bactericides.

ASAE EP405.1 FEB03, Design and Installation of Microirrigation Systems

 Architectural Services Department (ArchSD) Long Term Objectives,
reduce water consumption, In not less than 80% of new projects, either
rainwater/ grey water recycling system should be installed. 94% (16 out of
17) of projects installed rainwater/ grey water recycling system. They
targets 2014 to be maintained in 2015
ArchSD Sustainability Report 2015

Environmental Protection Department (EPD)

Studies on the more effective use of rainwater resources and reduction of
potable water for non-potable uses. Refer to setting the future standards of
rainwater harvesting system, Water Supplies Department has
commissioned a consultancy study on the development of design
guidelines and water quality standards for rainwater harvesting system.
February 15, 2012

Water Supplies Department (WSD)

Water reclamation is to use lower quality water to replace high quality water
currently used for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing and
landscape irrigation.
“Technical Specifications on Grey Water Reuse and Rainwater Harvesting,
1st Edition, May 2015
Treatment Process
 ✓Rainwater Collection Tank
✓Pre-treatment
Treatment Method ✓Filtration
✓Disinfection
and
✓Oxidation
Water Quality ✓Measurement
✓Monitoring

Concern continues to be whether the quality of the re-claimed water is appropriate for
the intended use.
Level uses? higher level?
Rainwater is collected and stored in a concrete storage tank. Separated
sump pit are provided to trap the grit, stone etc. from the rainwater before
entering to the storage tank. It is pumped to a filtration and disinfection
system which comprises of a sand filter, a micron cartridge filter for
further solid and fine particle removal. An activated filter is installed after
sand filter to remove colour and odour from rainwater. An UV sterilizer is
provided at the end of the system for disinfection before use.

Basis of Design

Design Flow : 2.0 L/S

Treated Rainwater Quality (WSD / USEPA)
pH : 6-9
BOD: 10 mg/l
SS : 10 mg/l
E. Coli count : 0 count/100 ml
Residual chlorine : 1 mg/l

Rainwater Recycling System Component list

The following component corresponds with the schematic design and is intended
to provide performance specifications for each of the components included in the
rainwater. When appropriate, the list provides references to sections in the WSD
guideline
Equipment Specification

1) Screen
Collected roof runoff should pass through a screen to prevent leaf
intrusion.
Minimum mesh size should be 0.5 inches.

2) First Flush Filter – “Roof Washer”

The filter should divert a minimum of 10 gallons.

3) Inlets
All inlets (not outlets) to the tank should be fitted with a calmer/diffuser
or 180° return elbow to prevent stirring up of sediment.

4) Rainwater Treated Pump

a) General
The duties of pumps shall not be less than that shown in the Schedule
of the Specifications.

The pump heads given in Schedule are for Preliminary purposes only.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the assessment of the actual
pump head in the as-installed system prior to ordering.
 Rainwater Collection Tank

How much rainwater ?

Harvested = Catchment x *Rainfall x #Drainage

water area depth coefficient
( M3 / weekly ) ( M2) ( mm )

*assume average rainfall per week in rainy season is 80 mm

#Drainage coefficient factor related to run-off coefficient for different types of

catchment area
 Average rainfall per week in rainy
season
Monthly mean of rainfall in Hong Kong between 1981-2010

Number of Days with

Total Duration

Month (mm) (hours)

　 　 0.1 mm 25 mm 50 mm

　 　 or more or more or more

January 24.7 46 5.37 0.23 0

February 54.4 89 9.07 0.53 0.1

March 82.2 101 10.9 0.87 0.37

April 174.7 99 12 2.23 1.1

May 304.7 106 14.67 3.97 1.73

June 456.1 111 19.07 5.27 2.6

July 376.5 85 17.6 4.6 2.27

August 432.2 97 16.93 5.37 2.47

September 327.6 78 14.67 3.8 2

October 100.9 46 7.43 1.2 0.7

November 37.6 38 5.47 0.43 0.13

December 26.8 40 4.47 0.2 0.07

Year 2398.5 935 137.63 28.7 13.53

The Hong Kong Observatory - Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong
Number of days with rainfall greater than or equal to 50.0mm
香港錄得的降雨量大過或等於 50.0 毫米報告日數
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 十一 十二 全年
年 份
月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 總日數
1981 - - - - 3 - 3 - 2 1 1 - 10
1982 - - - 2 4 1 2 4 3 1 - - 17
1983 - - 3 1 3 1 - 3 3 2 - - 16
1984 - - - 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 - - 12
1985 - - 1 1 - 1 1 3 1 - - - 8
1986 - - - 1 1 2 4 2 2 - - - 12
1987 - - 2 2 4 1 5 - 1 - - - 15
1988 - - - - - 3 1 3 - - - 1 8
1989 - - - 1 3 1 2 2 1 - - - 10
1990 - 1 - 2 - 4 1 1 3 1 - - 13
1991 - - - - - 3 1 2 1 2 - - 9
1992 - - 1 3 3 3 2 - - - - - 12
1993 - - - - 3 2 1 - 5 1 1 - 13
1994 - - - - 1 1 6 3 2 - - 1 14
1995 - - - - - 1 7 7 - 4 - - 19
1996 - - 1 2 2 3 - 1 3 - - - 12
1997 - - - 2 1 5 7 5 1 1 - - 22
1998 - 1 - 2 2 4 2 - 1 1 - - 13
1999 - - - 2 - 2 - 4 1 - - - 9
2000 - - - 4 2 3 2 5 2 1 - - 19
2001 - - - - 1 10 4 3 5 - - - 23
2002 - - 2 - 1 1 1 3 5 3 - - 16
2003 - - - 1 1 2 - 3 3 - - - 10
2004 - - 1 2 1 - 3 3 1 - - - 11
2005 - - - - 3 4 1 4 2 - - - 14
2006 - - - 2 4 4 4 2 2 - 1 - 19
2007 - - - 1 2 4 - 3 1 - - - 11
2008 - - - 1 1 8 4 3 - 1 1 - 19
2009 - - - - 2 - 1 2 3 - - - 8
2010 - 1 - - 1 2 2 1 5 - - - 12
　 　
平均
- 0.1 0.37 1.1 1.73 2.6 2.27 2.47 2 0.7 0.13 0.07 13.53
(1981 - 2010)
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 十一 十二 全年
年 份
月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 總日數

The Hong Kong Observatory - Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong
Number of days with rainfall greater than or equal to 100 mm
香港錄得的降雨量大過或等於 100.0 毫米報告日數
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 十一 十二 全年
年 份
月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 總日數
1981 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2
1982 - - - - 3 - - 3 - - - - 6
1983 - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 3
1984 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2
1985 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - 3
1986 - - - - 1 1 2 - - - - - 4
1987 - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - 4
1988 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
1989 - - - - 3 - 1 - - - - - 4
1990 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2
1991 - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 2
1992 - - 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - 6
1993 - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - 4
1994 - - - - - - 3 1 - - - - 4
1995 - - - - - - 1 4 - 3 - - 8
1996 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
1997 - - - - - 4 2 2 - - - - 8
1998 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
1999 - - - - - - - 3 1 - - - 4
2000 - - - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - - 6
2001 - - - - - 4 2 - 2 - - - 8
2002 - - 1 - - 1 - - 3 - - - 5
2003 - - - - 1 2 - - - - - - 3
2004 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 2
2005 - - - - - 4 - 2 1 - - - 7
2006 - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - 5
2007 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
2008 - - - 1 - 4 1 - - 1 - - 7
2009 - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
2010 - - - - - 1 2 - 1 - - - 4
　 　
平均
- - 0.1 0.2 0.43 1.13 0.63 0.63 0.6 0.23 - - 3.97
(1981 - 2010)
一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 十一 十二 全年
年 份
月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 總日數

The Hong Kong Observatory - Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong
 Rainwater Collection Tank
For example :
Catchment area : 1500 M2
Rainfall depth : 80 mm ( 0.08 M ) ( derived from rainfall record of
Hong Kong Observatory )
Drainage coefficient : 0.9 ( assumed using inline filter )
 
Harvested water = 108 M3 / weekly
 
Storage Volume :-
Assumed 2 weeks per month or 10 to 20 days of supply probability
of rainfall in rainy season.
Then :
Rainwater collection Volume : 108 M3 x 2 = 216 M3
Water Quality
 Water Quality Parameters Unit Limits Standard Method
E.coli DoE(1983) Sec.7.8 &7.9 with in-situurease
大腸桿菌
cfu/100 ml Non-Detectable test
Legionella Bacteria Count
( 軍團菌 ) 退伍軍人症
cfu/ ml < 10 ISO11731 or AS/NZS 3896 or BS 6068-4.12

Heterotrophic Colony Count (HCC) AS/NZS 4276.31 or BS 6068-4.5 BSEN ISO

異落菌數
cfu/ ml < 100,000 6222 or APHA 9215B
Total Suppended Solids (TSS)
總懸浮固體
mg/l ≤5 APHA 20e 2540 D

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

總溶解固體
mg/l ≤ 10 APHA 20e 2540 C
≥ 1 (exiting treatment
Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) DPD Colorimetric Based on APHA/USEPA
總餘氯
mg/l system ), Hach Pocket Colorimeter (Digital)
≥ 0.2 (at user end)
Dissolved Oxygen
溶解氧
mg /l (O2) ≥2 APHA 20e 4500-OG, YSI 52 D.O. meter

5-day Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

5 日生化需氧量
mg O2/l ≤ 10 BS 6068-2-2.14

Turbidity
渾濁度
NTU ≤5 APHA 20e 2130D

pH
酸鹼值
--- 6-9 APHA 20e 4500-H+B

Colour
色度
Hazen unit ≤ 20 APHA 20e 2120 B

Threshold Odour Number (TON) Threshold Odour

氣味 Number (TON)
≤ 100 APHA 20e 2150 B

Ammoniacal Nitrogen
氨態氮
mg/l as N ≤1 APHA 20e 4500-NH,B,C,E

Syntheic Detergent
合成洗滌劑
mg/l ≤5 APHA 20e 5540B,C,D

Water Quality Requirement

(Standards as specified by the Water Supplies Department, Technical Specifications on Grey Water Reuse and
Rainwater Harvesting, 1st Edition, MAY 2015)
 Super Water Technology Ltd
特級水處理有限公司

Recommendation
Process of RainWater Recycling System

At The 3rd Runway Concourse and Apron Works

Super Water Technology
Ltd
特級水處理有限公司

Typical Flow Schematic Diagram

Super Water Technology
Ltd
特級水處理有限公司

Typical Flow Schematic Diagram

Typical Flow Schematic Diagram
Equipment
Equipment Specification

5) Pressure Sand Filter

a) General
Two vertical pressure sand filters each having a capacity of 2 litre
/sec with surface loading less than 24.45 m3/hr/m2 shall be
provided.

The shell shall be constructed of fiberglass withstand a hydrostatic

pressure 50% minimum in excess of the system working pressure
which is 20 PSI
6) Cartridge Filter
a) Cartridge filter shall be capable to remove 90% of all suspended
particulate with diameter equals ten-micron or above.

b) The filter cells shall be assembled in cartridges for easy

replacement on site.

c) The filter cells shall be so arranged that the water stream passes
uniformly and proportionally through the filter cells. Provision
shall, be made to retain filter in position and prevent migration
and settlement.
Equipment Specification

7) Ultraviolet Sterilizer
a) General
UV sterilizer for destruction of remaining pathogen shall be provided.

The sterilizer shall be totally self contained including lamps, quartz

jackets, ballasts, automatic and manual control system and all
electronic monitoring such as UV monitor.

The sterilizer shall be designed so that lamps may be easily

replaced while the chamber is in operation.

Ultraviolet Lamps
The lamps shall be low pressure, instant start, mercury arc
germicidal lamps.

Lamps shall produce ultraviolet light with at least 90% of the

ultraviolet output at 253.7 nm.

They shall produce a minimum ultraviolet output of 26.7 watts.

Lamps shall be rated to produce minimum levels of dose rate.
Equipment Specification

8) Rainwater Storage Tank

a) Total capacity is approximately 18000 liter.

b) The tank should be approved for using in concrete.

c) The tank should be no taller than it is wide.

9) Irrigation Storage Tank

a) Total capacity is approximately 1500 liter.

b) The tank should be approved for use with potable water systems.

c) The tank should be no taller than it is wide.

d) The tank should be approved by using of FRP

Equipment Specification

10)Flow Meter
a) Flow meters shall be provided as shown on the Drawings. The
installation of the flow meter shall follow the manufacturer's
recommendation with sufficient length of straight pipe run both
at the upstream and downstream piping. The Sub-contractor
shall liaise with the main contractor for the exact location of the
flow meters.

b) The flow meter shall be of electromagnetic or ultrasonic type,

and of the cumulative type, i.e. a cumulative volume of water
passing through the device in litre or cubic meter, and shall be
suitable for the chemical and physical properties of the fluids to
be measured and suitable for both horizontal and vertical
installations.
Equipment Specification

11) Control and Metering System

a) General
A control and metering system shall be provided and installed in
each plant room for rainwater treatment installation to allow
standalone control and monitoring of the entire rainwater treatment
installation. The following functions, but not be limited to, shall be
available and performed by the control system:

Automatic control and monitoring upon receipt of monitoring signals

from different equipment;

Manage all circuits or signals from different equipment to be

monitored, including chlorinators, flow meters, level control switches
of the rainwater tanks, rainwater pump sets, to the I/O card input
terminal interfaces;

Automatically adjust the working status and functions of all

connected equipment as per the pre-set control logics;
Equipment Specification

11) Control and Metering System

Various I/O modules, hardware and circuits must be furnished with

protective devices to resist the surge currents and impact voltages
caused by peripheral equipment;

i. Manual override control;

ii. Equipment interlock operation;
iii.Fault alarm; and
iv.Data logging
 • Pre-treatment

First Flush Device

( Pre-treatment )
 First Flush Device
● Screen Filter

● Effectively flushes your roof by diverting the first of the rain

water away from your tank.

● Over time the roof gets dust and dirt and debris from the
environment. Using first flush device that will carry most of
the dirt, bird and animal faeces, pesticides will go straight to
your tank.

● For lower capacity only

 Plastic

Metal

Sand Filter
( Filtration )
Sand Filter
● Much larger solids will be caught in strainers at pump
suction.

● Sand filter is used for the separation of solids from waste

water by interposing the sand media through which only
the water can pass.

● Waste water pass through the sand media, the oversize

solids waste in the water are retained, but the separation
is not complete if the solids will contain fine particles
(depending on the pore size and filter. Ex. 0.5~0.8mm or
1.0~2.0mm) ( 500 ~ 800 micron, 1000~2000 micron).
Sand Filter
Sand Filter-
Multi-port Valve (6-way)
Multi-port Valve ( 6-way)
Filtering and Backwashing
Metal and Nozzle Plate Design
( For High Capacity )
Nozzle Bar
Nozzle Plate Design
Face Piping,
4 or 5 valves
Activated Carbon
Filter
(Filtration)

Media or Cartridge Type

Media and Cartridge
Activated Carbon Filter

● If high levels of dissolved solids, dissolved organic

material, chlorides, phosphates, and nutrients are
present,

● The carbon media adsorbs impurities of organic

substances and removes contaminants from water.

● Adsorption is a function of physical attraction between

contaminants and the carbon.
Internal
Internal
Micron and Activated Carbon Cartridge

To prevent com­plete or partial clogging of emitters.

Ex. Sprinkler nozzle

Close, regular in­spections of emitters are required to

detect emitter clog­ging.

In-line filters of an 80 to 200 mesh ( 177 to 74

micron / 0.177 to 0.074 ) are typically used to
minimise clogging.
Ultra-Violet
Sterilizer
(Disinfection)
Requirement

Filtering generally does not greatly improve UV

transmission, as dissolved solids are the main
absorbers of this radiation.

Nevertheless, filtration is a key element in UV

sterilizing treatment because it is needed to remove
solids that may protect fungal spores from radiation.

Have the water tested for turbidity before considering

UV treatment.
Requirement

According to US EPA - Guidelines for Water

Reuse (2004),

UV is a physical disinfecting agent. The

appropriate dose of ultraviolet light for
disinfection of recycling rain water is
30,000 uW-s/cm2 ( ≅ 30 mW-s/cm2 )

The radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm

penetrates the cell wall and is absorbed by the
cellular nucleic acids.
Requirement

UV disinfection primarily occurs due to the

germicidal action of UV-B and
UV-C light on microorganisms
Multi Lamp Design
Single Lamp Design
 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

● Low-cost and effective method for treating bacteria and

viruses

● Ultraviolet light disinfection is only effective on very

clear water.

● Dose of ultraviolet light for disinfection of recycling rain

water is 30,000 uW - s / cm2.

● Radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm

什麼是紫外線及其特徵
Different Wavelength of Low Pressure and Medium Pressure
Low Pressure UV Lamp
Emits light, 254 nanometre (nm)
Effective against various microorganisms
Low energy usage and less heat

Medium Pressure UV Lamp

Emits light, 200 - 415 nanometre (nm)
Effective against various microorganisms
Chlorine resistant microorganisms such as
Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Pseudomonas
Adenovirus, which is a robust water-borne
pathogenic virus.
Effective against mono, bi and tri chloramine
 UV transmittance ( 穿透率 ), T10
Dissolved Solid
Water,
UV Transmittance
(UVTx) = 90%

Suspended Solid
Water,
UV Transmittance
(UVTx) = 90%

Light intensity relatively decreases as it travels through the water if the UVTx is not 100%
 Microorganism ( 微生物 ), D10
值

殺滅 90% （即 1 Log ）微生物所需要的紫外線劑

量
 UV Dose ( 劑量 )

紫外線 照射劑量：單位 mJ/cm2 ，如同化學處理時的藥劑濃

度！
紫外線的主要應用
Operation
 Other Installation
Flow Switch

Water Flow
Meter
(Measuring)
 Other Installation
Main Control Panel

Differential Pressure Switch

(for Filters)
Suggestion
 Modification of Installation
Continuous disinfection
Chemical Dosing System
 Chemical Dosing System
●Alum Dosing System
( For sand Filter – after Backwashing, flocculating)

●Acid / Alkaline Dosing System

( For pH neutralization in treated water )

Disinfection
●Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing System
( free chlorine dose )
Chemical Form
●Alum

( Aluminum Sulphate ( A12 (SO4)3 ) , 硫酸鋁 )

●Acid / Alkali
(hydrochloric Acid (HCL) , 鹽酸 )
(sodium hydroxide (NaOH) , 氫氧化鈉 )

●Sodium Hypochlorite
(Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCL) , 次氯酸鈉 )
Dangerous Goods Ordinance ( 危險品條
例)
Chemical
Control
(Monitering)

pH control

Free Chorine
Control
 Sensor Installation

pH and Chlorine Sensors

Residual Chlorine (Oxidation/Disinfection)

● As the majority of Hong Kong people are living in

highrise buildings,
● Itmay take a long time for the final water from treatment
works to go through the roof tanks before supplying to
the consumers.
● A small amount of residual chlorine ( equal to or greater
than 0.4 mg/l ) is maintained in the water to keep it free
from bacterial infection
● During its journey in the distribution system. This
minimal amount of chlorine will disappear if the water is
boiled.
pH Adjustment

● ForIrrigation water, generally accepted pH is between

5.5 to 8.5.
● Highalkaline water may contain high concentrations of
bicarbonate (generally in water of pH 8 and above )
and carbonates (generally pH 9 and above).
● Highbicarbonate and carbonate levels in water can
cause calcium to precipitate from the soil : this
reduces the solids exchangeable calcium content and
increase soil sodicity.
● Lossof soil calcium and magnesium will affect plant
growth.
 Maintenance

Reference :
BSI British Standards,
Rainwater harvesting
systems – Code of
practice, BS
8515:2009
Thank You

Q&A