UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Water Tank

SMART COMMUNITY: WATER TANK OVERVIEW

 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTIC

A water storage tank serves the purpose of gathering and reserving water for
future use, ensuring convenient and immediate access. When a kitchen faucet is turned
on, water is sourced from the tank and delivered to the tap, ensuring an on-demand
supply of fresh water. In contrast, reverse osmosis systems operate at a slow pace,
purifying water drop by drop. The presence of a reverse osmosis storage tank
guarantees continuous access to purified water without the need for the system to
gradually fill a glass.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Many wells encounter issues related to low pressure and limited recovery
capabilities, with the responsibility of supplying pressurized water to homes and
businesses. In this context, a well pressure tank plays a critical role in providing instant
access to pressurized water when showering or flushing a toilet. Additionally, it
contributes to prolonging the life of the well pump by safeguarding it against the
challenges of short-cycling.
Water storage tanks exhibit diverse characteristics, including varying sizes,
shapes, and configurations, and they serve a multitude of purposes in the field of water
treatment. These tanks range from small, neatly stored 5-gallon reverse osmosis tanks
under sinks to imposing 120-gallon well pressure tanks, all of which constitute essential
components of numerous residential water systems. Moreover, large outdoor
atmospheric tanks have the capacity to store substantial volumes of rainwater, well
water, or serve as reservoirs for fire suppression purposes. Notably, these tanks are
equipped with UV inhibitors to prevent sunlight-induced growth of algae and bacteria
within the tank. To prevent water heaters in closed water systems from developing leaks
and bursting, thermal expansion tanks are employed.

 IMPORTANCE IN WATER MANAGEMENT

Water storage tanks typically serve several key functions, including maintaining
water service pressure, offering emergency storage capacity during power outages, and
providing a reserve volume to meet peak demands such as firefighting needs and
periods of high water consumption throughout the day. Ensuring consistent flow rates
for wells, water treatment plants, and pump stations is often preferable over adjusting
treatment and pumping rates continuously to match real-time demands. Equalization
storage volume allows for this by maintaining a reservoir that can be filled and drawn
from to bridge the gap.
Selecting a new water storage tank for a community or industry involves several
important considerations. Traditionally, many water utilities have maintained their
storage tanks at or near full capacity to be better prepared for peak water demand and
emergency situations, such as fires. Consequently, numerous storage facilities have
more significant water storage capacity than required for routine non-emergency use.
Additionally, some older storage facilities have overflow elevations lower than the water
system's pressure. In such cases, valves prevent water from entering the tank, and
pumps are necessary to transfer water from the tank into the distribution system. This
situation can result in stagnant water remaining in the tank for extended periods, leading
to potential water quality issues like residual loss, thermal stratification in warmer
months, or ice formation in colder months.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Regardless of the type of tank facility, it is crucial to align the overflow elevation
correctly with the system's pressure. This alignment ensures that the water surface
within the tank aligns with the system pressure, essentially causing the tank's water
elevation to exert pressure in the distribution system. When tanks are filled using pump
stations, the system's pressure increases, facilitating the inflow of water into the tank
facilities. Normally, the water level in a storage tank experiences daily fluctuations as
part of a fill and draw cycle. The extent of this fluctuation depends on factors like the
tank's size (both diameter and height), real-time system demand, and its location in the
distribution system.
It is essential for the water within the tank to fluctuate by several feet before
pump stations or additional pumps are activated to ensure adequate turnover and
mixing of the tank's contents.

 THE CHALLENGES FACING URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT

Water continues to pose a significant global challenge, particularly given that
more than half of the world's population resides in urban areas rather than rural regions.
As Asia is home to over half of the global population and is experiencing the most
substantial urbanization growth, the actions taken by Asian nations to address water
challenges hold significant global relevance.
"Numerous areas across Asia and the Pacific find themselves in the midst of a
water crisis. The task of reaching those without access to water and sanitation services
and ensuring adequate service delivery for those currently covered may become
increasingly daunting. The case studies presented in 'Good Practices in Urban Water
Management' have demonstrated that there are common factors contributing to
success. It is my hope that leaders in developing nations can draw inspiration from
these cases to formulate tailored solutions that suit their specific local conditions."

Common Challenges Faced by Water Utilities

• Limited coverage of urban populations by water utilities.
• Rapid urbanization leading to inadequate water supply.
• Intermittent water supply from utilities.
• High levels of non-revenue water.
• Frequently substandard water quality.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

• Inadequate or absent asset management.

• Low tariffs hindering water supply access for the impoverished.
Source: Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The water challenges encountered in Asian cities share commonalities. These

encompass issues related to both the sourcing and utilization of raw water, substantial
water losses within distribution networks, sporadic water supply, and the quality of tap
water. In some urban centers, excessive exploitation of groundwater resources has
resulted in severe environmental repercussions. Additionally, numerous cities grapple
with deficient sewage networks and wastewater treatment systems. A significant portion
of the population still relies on septic tanks, while others utilize on-site sanitation
facilities. Urban areas face formidable hurdles in providing clean and dependable water
supply to all residents, with inadequate leadership and governance emerging as
fundamental reasons behind these challenges.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

 Water Tank Capacity Requirement

According to Philippine Green Building Code

Minimum storage tank size = Building footprint / 75

 Water Tank Types

o Underground Fiberglass Tanks

Underground tanks constructed from non-corrosive fiberglass material are
widely utilized across various commercial sectors due to their remarkable
versatility.

These subterranean tanks prove invaluable when space conservation is a

primary concern, allowing for substantial water storage while leaving room
above ground for structures or other necessities.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Common applications for underground fiberglass tanks include the storage

of potable water, wastewater, and stormwater.

o Carbon Welded Steel Tanks

Water storage tanks made from carbon welded steel offer robustness and
durability without the concerns of concrete's potential leaching issues
.
This type of tank provides impressive flexibility, both in terms of
construction materials and usage. Users have the option to choose between
stainless or galvanized steel tanks, suitable for purposes such as fire
protection, potable water storage, wastewater management, and more.

Carbon welded steel tanks come equipped with interior coatings tailored to
their intended use, necessitating careful selection of the appropriate coating
before procurement.

o Pillow Tanks
For a highly versatile water storage solution, pillow tanks come into focus.
These tanks boast a substantial water-holding capacity while retaining
portability, despite their whimsical name.

Pillow tanks offer numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness

relative to other tank types, suitability for potable and wastewater storage,
ease of setup by a single individual, and customization options.

Regardless of the required tank size, pillow tanks are designed to fulfill
various needs, ranging from 500 to 20,000 gallons, ensuring access to water
where and when required.

o Folding Tanks
Folding tanks provide an additional portable water storage option, offering
ease of setup and disassembly, making them valuable in areas where
maintaining a water supply is challenging.

These tanks are exceptionally transportable due to their collapsible

design, making them valuable on remote farms and during firefighting
operations.
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

o Bolted Steel Tanks

Bolted steel tanks are engineered to accommodate substantial water
volumes, making them suitable for demanding applications. With starting
capacities at 150,000 gallons, they are designed for the most substantial
water storage needs.

These tanks offer complete water tightness and can house various liquids,
including water.

o Polyethylene Tanks
Plastic polyethylene tanks are ideal for budget-conscious individuals with
smaller storage requirements, thanks to their compact sizes that enhance
portability.

These tanks find common usage in rainwater collection and home water
storage. They are typically manufactured in a dark color to inhibit algae
growth by blocking sunlight.

o Corrugated Steel Tank

Corrugated steel tanks provide a durable alternative to concrete tanks,

available in an extensive range of sizes, from a few hundred gallons to several
million.

These tanks are versatile, accommodating various applications, including

potable water, firefighting, waste storage, irrigation, and stormwater
management.

o Above Ground Fiberglass Storage Tanks

Aboveground fiberglass tanks occupy a mid-range position among the
tanks discussed here, effectively fulfilling their designated functions.

These tanks are employed for storing caustic water, including waste,
potable water, and rainwater storage. They can also store non-water liquids,
expanding their utility.

o Stainless Steel Water Storage Tanks

 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Stainless steel water storage tanks present another versatile option for
water storage and find applications beyond water storage, including
winemaking, breweries, and various industries such as dairy and chocolate
production.

Stainless steel ensures safety for drinking water and accommodates a

wide range of needs, catering to diverse industries and purposes.

 FUTURE TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS

o Automatic Water Tank Filling System Controlled Using

Arduino Based Sensor for Home Application

(Prima et al., 2017) The importance of water supply in daily household activities,
such as washing, cleaning, and bathing, cannot be overstated. In Indonesian rural
settings, villagers typically rely on groundwater pumping to fill their water tanks.
However, the use of non-automated switches to control the pumping machine can lead
to issues such as water spills and wasteful electricity consumption. Prior research has
explored the application of ArduinoTM-based sensors in various contexts, including
plant watering systems, water tank overflow management, and automated irrigation
systems. In this study, an automated water tank filling system is proposed.

The system design integrates

multiple components,
including an ultrasonic
sensor, an automatic switch
module, a water-flow sensor,
an ArduinoTM
microcontroller, and a
pumping machine, with the
primary objective of
automating the water-filling
process. To achieve this, an
ultrasonic sensor is employed, with an ultrasonic transmitter positioned at the tank's top.
This transmitter emits an ultrasonic pulse into the tank, which travels at the speed of
sound and is subsequently reflected back to the transmitter upon encountering the liquid
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

surface. By measuring the time delay between the transmitted and received signals, the
device calculates the distance to the liquid surface. The transmitter is programmed to
autonomously assess the liquid level and control the pumping machine accordingly. The
study will provide insights into the dynamics of water flow and liquid level fluctuations
during the tank filling and emptying processes. It is anticipated that this system will
enable individuals to enjoy a hassle-free water supply experience, free from concerns
about water spills and excessive electricity usage.

o IoT-Based Solutions to Monitor Water Level, Leakage, and

Motor Control for Smart Water Tanks
In the present era, a significant portion of the global population faces the
challenge of limited access to freshwater for essential tasks such as drinking and
cooking. This scarcity of water resources is attributed to factors like rapid urbanization,
burgeoning industrial development, and the ongoing effects of global warming in many
regions. Typically, water is stored in tanks, either aboveground or underground. In
developing nations, these tanks are typically managed manually, occasionally resulting
in water wastage due to human oversight. Moreover, water leakage can occur from both
tanks and supply pipes due to deteriorating infrastructure.

To address these pressing concerns, researchers worldwide have turned their

attention to harnessing Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to effectively monitor water
levels, detect leaks, and automatically replenish tanks when necessary. Notably, this
technology enables real-time feedback to end-users and experts through webpages or
smartphone applications. Although there is a wealth of literature on smart water
monitoring, encompassing areas like water quality assessment, leakage detection in
supply pipes, and water recycling, there remains a distinct gap in the literature
pertaining to IoT-based solutions for monitoring water levels, detecting leaks, and
controlling water pumps, particularly at the individual consumer level, which constitutes
a substantial portion of global water consumers.

To bridge this void in existing

research, this study offers an in-depth
review of IoT-controlled water storage
tanks (IoT-WST). Some notable
contributions of our work encompass
the examination of contemporary
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

developments in IoT-WST, elucidation of existing techniques and technologies pertinent

to IoT-WST, identification of suitable hardware components, and the selection of a
secure IoT cloud server. (Prima et al., 2017)

References:
9 common types of water storage tanks and how they’re used. (2018,
October 4). National Storage Tank. https://www.nationalstoragetank.com/blog/9-
common-types-of-water-storage-tanks-and-how-theyre-used/

By, E. (n.d.). Decoding good practices for a successful future. Adb.org.

Retrieved September 7, 2023, from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29888/good-practices-urban-
water-management-brochure_2.pdf
 UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
ollege of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
C
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (00917
63) 92289

Gadget, E. (2022, February 28). Water tank level controller using Arduino.
Electro Gadget. https://circuitdiagrams.in/water-tank-level-controller-using-
arduino/

Jan, F., Min-Allah, N., Saeed, S., Iqbal, S. Z., & Ahmed, R. (2022). IoT-
based solutions to monitor water level, leakage, and motor control for smart
water tanks. Water, 14(3), 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030309

PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE USER GUIDE. (n.d.). Gov.Ph.

Retrieved September 7, 2023, from
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/PGBCode%20User%20Guide
%20Manual.pdf

Prima, E. C., Munifaha, S. S., Salam, R., Aziz, M. H., & Suryani, A. T.
(2017). Automatic water tank filling system controlled using arduino TM based
sensor for home application. Procedia Engineering, 170, 373–377.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.060

Robinson, B. (2019, April 9). What is a water storage tank and how does it
work? Fresh Water Systems. http://freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-is-a-
water-storage-tank-and-how-does-it-work

Whitver, H. (2021, March 23). Choosing the right water storage for your
community is an important decision. HR Green, Inc.
https://www.hrgreen.com/blog/choosing-right-water-storage-community-
important-decision/