Wolaita Sodo University

Natural and Computational Sciences

Department of Biology

Assessment on Current Status of Waste Management in Wadu Kebele,

Wolaita Sodo Town, Ethiopia

By:
Birhanesh Silas
Bizunesh Kaleb
Buchale Gamo

A Senior Research Proposal Submitted to Department of Biology, Natural and

Computational Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology.

Advisor: Eyasu Wada (PhD)

Nov, 2019
Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT

First of all we would like to that the almightily God for his helping and guiding us in every time
of our life. Next to this we would like to say thanks to our academic advisor Eyasu Wada (PhD)
who guides and providing various materials and encourages us toward our task of research
conduction and also we would to thanks to the Biology department. We would like to express my
gratitude thanks to different authors and scholars and to my family.

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 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEGEMENT...........................................................................................................................ii
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of the Study...................................................................................................................5
1.2. Statement of the problem......................................................................................................................6
1.3. Objectives of the study.........................................................................................................................7
1.3.1. General Objective..........................................................................................................................7
1.3.2. Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................7
1.4. Research Questions...........................................................................................................................7
1.5. Significances of the study.................................................................................................................7
1.6. Scope of the study.............................................................................................................................8
2. Literature reviews....................................................................................................................................8
2.1. Solid Waste.......................................................................................................................................8
2.1.1. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes...........................................................................................8
2.1.2. Components of Solid Wastes.....................................................................................................9
2.1.3. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ethiopia.....................................................................10
2.2. Sewage...........................................................................................................................................10
2.2.1 Sewage Definition in Ethiopia..................................................................................................10
2.2.1. Sources and Types of Sewage..................................................................................................11
2.2.3. Sewage Treatment or Management in Ethiopia.......................................................................12
2.3 Community Awareness and Attitude about Waste Management.....................................................13
3. Materials and Methods..........................................................................................................................14
3.1 Study area Description.....................................................................................................................14
3.2. Study design...................................................................................................................................14
3.4. Study population.............................................................................................................................14
3.5. Sample size determination and sampling technique........................................................................14
3.6. Methods of data collection..............................................................................................................15
3.7. Data analysis...................................................................................................................................15
4. Research Schedules and Cost Break Down Table..................................................................................15
4.1. Research time table.........................................................................................................................15
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................17

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
CBO Community Based Organizations
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
EPUB Electronic Publication
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
SB Sanitation and Beautification
WHO World Health Organization
UNESCO United Nation Educational, Social and Cultural Organization

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid are
described useless or unwanted. Types of waste are agricultural waste, Construction and
Electronic waste, Hazardous waste, Industrial waste, Municipal waste and from these solid
wastes are the most pressing concerns of urbanization in the cities and towns of developing
countries especially Africa has been problem of solid waste management. Solid waste collection
services are inadequate or non-existence in most developing cities. Most of waste generation
within urban centers is left uncontrolled. It accumulates on street, open space between houses
and rivers which is causing serious health problem (Tchonbanglous, et al., 1993).

Increasing amount of solid waste is being generated as result of rapid rates of urbanization and
economic growth. This in turn presents of greater difficulties for waste disposal. The problem is
more acute in developing countries, where the rate of urbanization is faster. When the rate of
urbanization is out of control in addition to low environmental awareness, it possesses a big
challenge to governance (Lemma, 2007). Developing awareness and understanding about how
the environment is working believed to range sense of responsibility for its protection and
concern. It also considered as effective vehicle to adapt rational attitude towards natural
environment and to avoid unwise exploitation and misuse of natural environment (UNESCO,
1994).

It has been pointed out in the environmental policy of Ethiopia that; effective environmental
management is dependent on the development of appropriate polices and laws, incorporation of
environmental concerns into sustainable economic development planning, coordination and
integration, capacity building in terms of man power and equipment with regard to management,
conservation and sustainable utilization of the environment(Gedion,2003).

The study conducted by (Alebel and Dawit; 2006); showed that, the urban environmental
problems such as solid waste, liquid effluent pollution turn to be serious handles to
environmental wellbeing and goods and services are returned after use into the environment as

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waste and emissions, which instigate various forms of environmental problems like resource
depletion, poor quality of life and deterioration of water.

The amount of wastes generated depends on the size of population and the level of income of
urban households, the higher the income, the larger the amount of solid waste produced due to
the fact that higher income entails higher consumption of goods and service (Girma, 2004).

This study wills focuses on the awareness and attitude of societies about waste management. The
nature and operation of waste management varies significantly from community of one place to
the community of other place. This study will centralize on the communities’ awareness as they
are one part of the community where a good awareness and views are expected to emerge. The
main gap the researcher fulfill in this study is, Levels of community’s awareness and attitude
about waste management’s, Sources of peoples’ knowledge about waste management and the
mechanisms of minimizing over generation of wastes

1.2. Statement of the problem

Collecting and managing waste is an important challenge for countries across the world. This
problem is often magnified in cities where a dense concentration of people leads to a substantial
amount of waste generation (Zerbock, 2003). In developing countries like Ethiopia, this problem
is exacerbated by an influx of people moving to urban centers. Ethiopia is facing rapid
urbanization per annum, leading to overcrowding and the development of slums and informal
settlements with poor waste management practices. Urban dwellers generally consume more
resources than rural dwellers, and so generate large quantities of solid waste and sewage
(Tewodros, 2011).

Waste management in these areas is hampered by multiple land tenure system with many tenants
not having a right to the land and therefore not able to manage waste domestically and also the
urban authorities are overwhelmed by the sheer volumes if garbage generated (Frank, 1976). The
consequence is that many towns and per urban settlements, drainage channels and roads are
highly littered. Some people especially in crowded high density areas do not have access to
garbage disposal skips and while private collectors are too expensive for these poor households
hence forced to practice indiscriminately dispose of garbage in drainage channels, road sides and
abandoned buildings (WHO, 1999). It is estimated that over 80 percent of the cities of

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developing countries do not possess an adequate and meaningful refuse management (UNESCO,
1994). Wolaita Sodo like many towns in the country has many sanitary problems of which the
bigger one is solid waste. It is very common to see piles of waste on the streets; riverbanks,
besides individual houses, available open areas, and market areas. In Wadu Kebele, Woliata sodo
town where wastes throw illegally, it is observed that flies and rodent’s bread and also dogs,
goats and sheep scatter the wastes. Thus, this study will be assessing the current status and the
problems regarding to Wadu Kebele in Wolaita Sodo town waste management.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General Objective

 To assess the community awareness and attitudes on waste management in Wadu Kebele
under Wolaita Sodo

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 To assess the attitudes of community on waste management.

 To assess the sources of wastes.
 To evaluate household’s waste management practices
 To examine the status of municipal waste management in the town.

1.4. Research Questions

Generally, this study will answer the following question: -

 What are the sources of wastes in Wadu Kebele under Wolaita Sodo town?

 What are the peoples’ attitudes about waste management?

 How does poor waste management can be minimized?
 What are the factors that determine people’s awareness and attitude about waste
management?

1.5. Significances of the study

The uncontrolled waste is growing widely in the urban areas due to lack of integrated waste
management system. To this concern the study will significant for many reasons including;
Identifying poor waste management practice in the town, to serve as the source of information

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for policy makers and other concerned bodies and help for awareness creation of community
about waste management.

1.6. Scope of the study

The scope of this study will cover the area on the topic of waste management in Wadu kebele,
Woliata Sodo town

2. Literature reviews
Wastes are unavoidable part of human activities. They either come from man’s production
activities or as a by-product of the materials consumed by man. Rising quality of life and high
rates of resource consumption patterns have unintended and negative impact on the urban
environment generation of wastes far beyond the handling capacities of urban government and
agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of high volume of wastes, the costs
involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and impact of wastes on local and global
environment (Srinivas, 2006). Events of the 20 century and early in to the 21st century indicate
that waste, in whatever form or classification (solid, liquid, or toxic,) has become a major
consequence of modernization and economic development. In our quest for ‘Western-styled’
development, humanity did not budget for the associated problems related to the management of
waste (Tsiboe and Marbell, 2004).
2.1. Solid Waste
According to Tchobanoglous et al. (1993); solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities that are normally discarded as useless or unwanted. Guerrero et al.
(2012) also regards solid waste as “material that no longer has any value to the person who is
responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It does not normally
include human excreta. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare,
agricultural and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in street sand public places. The
words “garbage”, “trash”, “refuses” and “rubbish” is used to refer to some forms of solid waste.
2.1.1. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
In order to categorize what exactly municipal solid waste constitutes, there have been different-
attempts of categorization based on numerous classification criteria. Some of those criteria are
source from which solid waste emanates, and nature of solid waste components. On the basis of
the nature of items that constitute solid wastes, it can be classified into organic or inorganic,
combustible or non-combustible, and putrescible or non-putrescible as Stated in (G/Tsadkan,

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2002). With respect to source from which solid waste emanates, (Martin, 2000) categorized
municipal solid waste as household (residential) refuse, institutional wastes, street sweepings,
commercial areas wastes, as well as construction and demolition debris. In developing countries,
municipal solid waste also contains various amounts of industrial wastes from small scale
industries. In these sources there are diverse types of solid wastes.
2.1.2. Components of Solid Wastes
The domestic solid waste stream also contains different components which are used to classify
them into such types as organic or inorganic, biodegradable or non- biodegradable. For example,
plastic, paper, glass, ceramics, textiles, metal and inert wastes as a study conducted by Surrey
County UK in 2002/2003 (Baabereyir, 2009) analyzed the composition of the solid waste stream
in the County as containing: paper/card, plastic film, dense plastic, textiles, miscellaneous
combustibles, glass, ferrous metal, garden waste and food waste. The organic matter (paper,
wood, food waste) is that aspect of the waste stream that is compostable. The inorganic matter on
the other hand, is non-compostable (Rubber, leather, plastic, metal, glass, fabric and battery,
among others). The Other classification is into biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

The biodegradable waste matter is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal
sources, which may be broken down by other living organisms. For example, Green waste, food
waste, paper waste, biodegradable plastics, human waste and sewage. Non-biodegradable waste
will not break down (or won't for many years). Examples are plastics, metal and glass.
Dangerous chemicals and toxins are also non-biodegradable, as are plastic grocery bags,
Styrofoam (polystyrene), and other similar materials. The total household wastes by weight.
Studies also showed that large portion of solid wastes of developing countries is food wastes.
(Tchobanglous et al., 1993). For example, 36% in Makurdi-Nigeria, (Sha’ Ato et al., 2006),
40.7% in Guadalajara, Mexico (Perez et al., 2001) but food waste accounts 59.17% by weight of
the 27 total wastes in Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa (Yitayal, 2005) this is higher than the
present study.
Waste from low and middle- income countries contain fewer paper products and non-food items
than waste from industrialized countries. The composition of solid waste is a key determinant in
decisions concerning types of vehicles needed for collection and transfer, requirements for final
disposal, and resource recovery alternatives (Corrales and Horton, 1995). Increase of food waste

9
household with increase income level is common in less industrialized countries (Fernandez,
1996).

2.1.3. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ethiopia

Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban
areas of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, like developing countries, increase of solid waste generation is
resulted from rapid urbanization and population booming and the average solid waste generation
rate is about 0.221kg per person per day and it is also estimated that only 2% of the population
received solid waste collection services (Zebenay,2010). One of the poorest environmental
performances in Ethiopia pertains to the management of all types of waste and the country lacks
any disposal or destruction facility, sanitary landfills, and incineration. For instance, in Addis
Ababa hazardous solid wastes totally untreated, may be put into the city’s municipal dump when
properly disposed of, or remain un dealt within the general environment and the situation in
Addis Ababa is now being repeated in the fast developing urban centers throughout the country
(UNCED, 1991).

2.2. Sewage

2.2.1 Sewage Definition in Ethiopia

Sewage is wastewater that comes from domestic activities. That includes houses, public toilets,
restaurants, schools, hotels and hospitals. These buildings all produce a lot of wastewater on a
daily basis, which generally contains urine and faeces. According to CPCB (2002), in some
urban areas, the effluent from the community allowed to flow over the surface and pended in
small depressions. As a result, during periods of high rainfall the effluents carried in to surface
water bodies together with urban runoff from the streets and percolates in to the ground water
table in the area, causing sever pollution and posing adverse effect on the quality of the
environment and public health. Therefore, sound management practice should be applied to
minimize these problems. Thus, in effluent discharging system, the effluent from the community
should be carried by sewerage systems into appropriate septic tanks where those effluents are
treated to prevent percolation in to the ground and discharging on the surface water bodies
(Smith and Scott, 2005).

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Accordingly, the potential threat to ground water quality posed by the application of wastewater
or sludge to the land is focused on its biological and chemical effects and these are generally
related to public health (Amerasinghe et al., 2008). Wastes are solid, liquid or gaseous by-
product, resulting from human biological process, manufacturing process, material processing
consumption of goods or any other human activities. They include industrial wastes, construction
wastes, medical wastes, mining wastes, municipal waste as well as gaseous and oil waste.
Generally, waste can be category in to 3 type based on their physical state (Davis, 1998). Sewage
is a water-carried waste in a solution or suspension that is intended to be revolved from the
community through a sewer. The word sewage is originated from Latin which means to ‘drain
out’. They are useless and contaminated water that are released from home, agriculture, industry,
factories etc (Wilson, 2006).

2.2.1. Sources and Types of Sewage

Source of sewage
This includes all wastewater generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels, restaurants,
motels, resorts, schools, places of worship, sports stadiums, hospitals and other health centers,
apartments and the like. They all produce high volumes of wastewater (EPUB, 2019). In many
areas, sewage also induces liquid waste from factories as well as market. The separation and
drainage of household wastewater in to grey and black water is becoming more common in
developed world with grey water of being permitted to be used for watering plant and recycling
for flushing toilets. Sewage also includes surface water from dirty roof and other land standing
area and also may include storm runoff. Generally, the possible areas that are capable of
generating sewage are the following: (Gray, 2005).

Sanitary source are the sewage primarily originating from kitchen, bathrooms, toilet, laundry,
food preparation, sinks, garbage, shower etc. it includes the spent water from resident home
carrying body waste. Ablution is water and other waste product from home. Agricultural source
include wastewater from poultry production, Dairy farm, irrigation, and other agricultural
activities. Commercial source liquid carried waste generated from shop, store and service
establishment waste serving the community.

11
Industrial source; are sewage generate from production and manufacturing process of goods from
different factory and company. It includes band, grit, street washing as well as animal waste,
ground water, wastewater from house roof etc. According to (Dyson et al., 2003), most studies
indicated that the problem arise due to wastewater should be managed through adequate
wastewater treatment, which covers domestic wastewater, commercial runoff and more.
Wastewater treatment prevents toxic gases and harmful pathogens present in wastewater and
make it useful for different purposes such as agricultural activities. There is a need to overcome
sever problems of wastewater through sewerage system drain in to appropriate wastewater
treatment plant.

Based on their source, sewages can be categorized in to the following (Wilson, 2006). Domestic
sewage: also called sanitary sewages, are wastewater from residences and institutional earning
body waste (faces and urine), Washing waste, food preparation wastewater and other waste
product of normal life. Industrial sewage: are wastewater result from industrial process like
production and manufacturing of goods. Commercial sewage: are liquid carried out waste from
store and service serving immediate community. Agricultural sewage: is wastewater that include
by product from livestock production irrigation wastewater etc.

Sewage contains 99.9 percent water and O.1 percent solids (partly organic and partly inorganic).
(Dr. NAVPREET, 2017).

2.2.3. Sewage Treatment or Management in Ethiopia

Nowadays, the issue of water is the most concerning agenda in the world as it is the most
precious resource. To preserve and keep it clean, it's essential to make sure that unsanitary waste
water does not seep into water catchment areas and from there into the general water supply.
When we see Ethiopia's case we can see that there is limitation in water treatment, recycling and
disposal as seen in the nation in general and in metropolis like Addis Ababa. There is no much of
the disposal to be wasted. There is a common trend that water wasted is to be removed or
disposed in any way from homes as if it has no use again. But this is not the case in the latest
science and technology in the area as water could be treated and reused again (Yared. G, 2017).

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2.3 Community Awareness and Attitude about Waste Management
The perception of one’s capability is said to set a limit to what to do and ultimately what can be
achieved. The influence of perception which describes how a person views himself and the world
around him and how it tends to govern behavior is explained by Anomie theory (Merton, 1968).
A situation that may result is greater incidence of divergent behaviors towards Solid Waste
Management services as perceived or a total breakdown of waste control system. In this wise,
individual’s perception will influence the cultural values, responses, and success of the solid
waste management system. Hence, people’s perception on waste disposal and on waste
collection services is primordial for its willingness to pay.
Unwillingness to pay could lead to illicit burning and dumping, hence, in their model, Fullerton
and Thomas (1995) were of the opinion that household collection should be subsidized in order
to prevent such external environmental costs resulting from illegal dumping.

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3. Materials and Methods

3.1 Study area Description

The study will be conducted in Wadu Kebele, Wolaita Sodo town. Sodo town is the
administrative center of the Wolaita Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples
Region. It has a latitude and longitude of 6°54′N 37°45′E with an elevation between 1,600 and
2,100 metres (5,200 and 6,900 feet) above sea level. The 2007 national census reported a total
population of 28,782 of whom 14,400 were men and 14,382 were women. Currently, Sodo is
known for being center of major health and education institutions in Ethiopia. The population of
Wolaita Sodo town is 254,294 whose are classified in to 7 kebeles. Wadu Kebele is one of 7
Kebels of Wolaita Sodo town. Wadu kebele contain 308 households.
3.2. Study design
Due to time and resource limitation, to make a close analysis about waste management system of
the town at one particular point within a time and to give snap-shot result cross sectional study
design will be used to assess awareness and attitude of peoples about waste management.
3.4. Study population
The study population is the residence of Wadu kebele, Wolaita Sodo town is 254,294 whose are
classified in to 7 kebeles which are Wadu kebele contain 308 households
3.5. Sample size determination and sampling technique.
Among the total households of Wadu kebele in Wolaita Sodo town 65 of them will be selected as
sample population. It will be determined using Cochran (1977) formula to take 65 households
from the total households random sampling technique will be employed. Sample size will be
determined by formula:

n=
n = 308(1.96) (0.95)(0.05)= 65 the sample size.
(0.05)2(308) + (1.96) (0.95) (0.05)
Where
n = total sample size N = Total number of population in Wolaita Sodo town.
Z = standard normal deviation at the required confidence level that corresponds to 95%
Confidence interval equal to 1.96 d = the level of statistical significance (Allowable
error) (0.05

14
P = the proportion in the targeted population estimated to have characteristics being measured
Q = 1-p i.e.1-09.5= 0.05). The sample 37 respondents will be selected randomly
3.6. Methods of data collection.
The data will be collected by using self-administered questionnaires, interviews and
observations. The questionnaires distributed to selected peoples by lottery method for each
household. The extent of waste accumulation and the level of waste management methods
assessment will be carried out by visualizing the town and photos were taken.
3.7. Data analysis
The collected data will be analyzed by using statistical tools. The result presented in the form of
table, figure and chart.
4. Research Schedules and Cost Break Down Table
4.1. Research time table
R.NO ACTIVITIES From Remark
1 Writing proposal Nov, 2019
2 Writing review literature Nov, 2019
3 Providing proposal 1st time Nov, 2019
4 Preparing questionnaires Dec, 2019
5 Collecting data Dec, 2019
6 Summarizing data Dec , 2019
7 Writing total research paper January, 2019
8 Reporting research January, 2019

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4.2. Research budget plan

R.NO ACTIVITIES q Stationary price G/PRICE Remark

1 Writing proposal 3 copy 100

2 Preparing questionnaires 30 page 5 150
3 Providing proposal 1st time 3 copy 100
4 Writing review literature 100
5 Collecting data 100
6 Summarizing data 500
7 Writing total research paper 500
Total 16,450

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