PAN AFRICAN COLLEGES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES (PACEPS).

TOPIC:
SANITATION PRACTICES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON
HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS.

NAME:
ADEBOYE FATHIA ADEFUNKE
MATRIC NO: PAC/0522/UG/PCH/002.

DEPARTMENT: PUBLIC HEALTH

LEVEL: 300.

COURSE TITLE: TERM PAPER.

COURSE CODE: GST 202.

A Term Paper Submitted In Partial Fulfillment For

The Award Of Degree BSC In Public Health.

JUNE 2023.
 ABSTRACT

This study was designed to examine the effects of sanitation practises on

individuals’ health. The data collected was analysed using mean statistics.
The study identified various causes of poor sanitation, the effects of
sanitation on individual or students health, the ways in which the school
management has provided equipment/facilities to enhance sanitation as
well as the strategies for improving school sanitation so as to reduce the
negative effects of poor sanitation on student health. The study
recommended the following; the school management has to ensure that the
various ways of improving sanitation within the institution are used in
synergy, the school management has to ensure that those in charge of
cleaning the school environment are adequately monitored as well as
adequate provision of funds by the Government for the procurement of
facilities that will enhance proper sanitation.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The generation and disposal of waste is an intrinsic part of any developing

society. Waste, both from domestic and commercial sources has grown
significantly in the society over the past decade. Every time a householder
shops at the store, and open market he contributes to the mountain of
waste. It is possible to quote figures which show that the production of
waste amounts to millions of tons. The percent of Nigeria’s population living
in cities and urban area has more than doubled in the last 15 years.
According to Hornby (2005) domestic waste is something that is not or no
longer used and is to be thrown away or disposed off. It is also any material
lacking direct value to the producer and so must be disposed. cities, urban
areas experience continuous growth which contributes to enormous in
generation of solid and liquid waste.

According to Mowee (1990) there is no doubt that a dirty environment

affects the standard of living, aesthetic sensibilities, health of the people
and thus the quality of their lives. The corollary is that improper disposal or
storage of this waste can constitute hazards to the society through the
population of air, land and especially water, Mowee (1988).
Ilegbune (1994) states that domestic waste includes that from domestic
premises, caravan sites residential homes, educational establishments
(schools) and nursing homes and (probably hospitals). It can be organic or
non-organic.

Waste management simply means the collection of keeping, treatment and

disposal of waste in such a way as render them harmless to human and
animal life, the ecology and environment generally. Domestic waste
management has become an area of major concern in Nigeria today. It
appears to be a loosing battle against the harmful consequences of
unguided waste and the attainment of clean healthy environment for all
Nigerians. It is common sight in Nigeria today to see heaps/accumulation of
festering waste dumps in our states, urban and commercial cities.
Since the inception of the administration, there have been concerted efforts
to achieve sustainable waste management in the state. The efforts
culminated in the establishment of the Enugu State Waste Management
Agency (LAWMA) in 2000. The Agency was set up to make all the Lagos
environments cleanse up and in other to meet up to the challenges of
modern day waste management. This repositioning occurred to enable it
give more focused service delivery and to restore the past glory of Lagos
State as a very clear city through sound waste management.

LAWMA was established to develop and implement policies on the

management of solid and liquid wastes that would promote the health and
well being of the people. The residents are also required to pay approved
sanitation rates through designated banks in various zones, when
presented with demand notice.

Nnamani (2000) states that sanitation is an act of working out ways to

improve the health consideration of a given environment is necessary to
overcome the impact of man’s negative activities on the environment.
World Health Organisation refers sanitation as the control of all those
factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a
deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival.
According to Nnamani (2000) Government intention on designating the last
Saturday of every month as a sanitation day is to tackle in serious manner
the insurmunting problem of ever-increasing waste generated from
domestic, commercial recreational and those from working offices.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter focused on the review of related literature under the following
sub-headings:

THEORETICAL REVIEW
1. Concept of waste.
2. Concept of domestic waste.
3. Concept of waste disposal practice.
4. The concept of waste collection systems and storage method.
5. Types of domestic waste disposal.
6. Advantages or Importance of effective waste disposal.
7. Benefits of waste disposal.
8. The effects of domestic waste disposal method.
9. The Challenges Facing Domestic Waste Disposal.
10. Solutions to Domestic Waste Disposal.

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WASTE.

Moronkola and Okanlawon (2003) stressed that solid wastes are unwanted,
discarded and non-liquid materials emanating from various activities of man
at home, school, workplace, and so on, which may be combustible. Most
human activities generates waste (Brunner and Rechberger, 2014). EU
Framework Direction on Waste (91/156/EC) has been adopted. The
document defines wastes as ‘‘any substance or object which the holder
discards or intends to discards and which falls into one of the following
categories:
1. Production or consumption residue.
2. Product whose date for appropriate use has expired. 3. Contaminated or
soiled materials.
4. Substances that no longer perform satisfactorily’’

2.2 CONCEPT OF DOMESTIC WASTE.

The term ‘disposal’ means the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping,
spilling, leaking or placing of any solid or hazardous waste into or on any
land or water so that such solid waste, hazardous waste, or any constituent
thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or
discharged into any waters, including ground water, from community
activities (US Law-Solid Waste Act 2, 1990). While, domestic wastes are
waste generated every day in the residential environment. It is a waste
type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.
Domestic solid waste is any unwanted solid materials from household
activities that cause environmental, social, and health hazards
(Imoukhuede, 2016).Garbage can also refer specially to food waste, as in
a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected

2.3 CONCEPT OF WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES.

Waste or garbage is any material generated by human activity that is
considered to be useless, superfluous valueless or unwanted and is
disposal off in the environment. After collection, this waste may be dumped
into landfill sites or destined for composting, incineration or recycling.
Vincent (2000) reported that improper solid waste disposal in Nigeria has
become one of the most intractable, environmental problems. The national
profile observed that ‘…in many Nigeria cities, the volume of solid wastes
has overwhelmed urban administrators’ capacity to plan for their collection
and disposals.

2.4 THE CONCEPT OF WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEMS AND

STORAGE METHOD.
Waste storage and collection form a very crucial stage of waste
management. Proper waste storage makes for ease of collection. Waste
storage has both environmental and health implication. It is easier to sort
waste at source than after collection (Charles, 2013). Nnaji and Utsev
(2011) suggested that sorting at source (SAS) can be achieved by
providing different waste bins for different categories of waste. Waste can
be sorted into the following broad categories: biodegradable and non-
biodegradable, compostable and non-compostable, recyclable and non-
recyclable, combustible and non-combustible or into generic forms as
plastic, bottle/glass, ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal, paper, rubber and
organic waste. Studies have shown that rudimentary SAS is already being
practiced in Nigeria. Achi et al. (2012) observed that about 70 percent of
those who sort their waste at source in Abeokuta did so for monetary
benefits. Waste generated in Nigeria is not collected (Ogwueleka, 2009).

2.5 TYPES OF DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL

Waste comes in many different forms and may be categorized in a variety
of ways. Theses are:
Agricultural waste, Animal by-products, Biodegradable waste,
Biomedical waste, Business waste, Chemical waste, Composite waste,
Demolition waste, Domestic waste, Electronic waste (e-waste), Food
waste, Household hazardous waste, Human waste, Industrial waste
Inorganic waste, Medical waste, Municipal solid waste
Organic waste, Packaging waste, Post-consumer waste
Recyclable waste and etc

2.6. ADVANTAGES OF EFFECTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL

1. It's no secret that landfill is bad for the environment, and that the UK is
running out of landfill space. For these reasons, as well as mounting
pressure to recycle waste, waste disposal methods are constantly re-
evaluated.
2. Effective waste management comes in many forms according to the
scale or scenario of waste creation; i.e. effective waste disposal can be as
minimal as individuals putting waste in a bin and not littering.
3. Waste disposal has become such a contentious issue that now there are
laws for how waste should be dealt with, the most renowned being The
Environmental Protection Act 1990.

2.7 BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL.

The main benefits of effective waste disposal include:
1. Protection – from pollution or contamination.
2. Money generation – companies may buy recyclable materials due to
their value. Additionally, the waste management industry creates
employment opportunities.
3. Safety – irresponsibly disposed of waste can harm people.
4. Exploring alternatives – where innovative solutions to waste disposal
have been found, great strides have been made i.e. composting.
5. Business philosophy – as consumers become more environmentally
conscious, it is important for businesses to promote their ‘green’ strategies
and environmental promise.

2.8. THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD.

Over the years of waste created by humans, waste disposal methods have
changed, for example, centuries ago waste would be rudimentarily buried
as the population was small and waste was highly biodegradable. Landfill is
similar to this antiqued disposal method. However, now this is not an
option; modern waste is often not easily biodegradable, the amount is too
large, and ecosystems get damaged.
Methods to overcome the above issues include reuse and recycling which
help to mitigate the harmful effects of waste by reducing the amount that
ends up in landfill. Recycling conserves natural resources and reduces
energy demands (for making virgin materials). Many materials can be
recycled, which contributes to it being a popular effective waste disposal
method, including plastic and oil, and some can be recycled infinitely i.e.
glass or paper (if uncontaminated).

2.9. THE CHALLENGES FACING DOMESTIC WASTE.

The problem of Domestic Waste is drawing increasing attention of the

people as huge garbage is lying down uncollected beside the roads, streets
dustbins and on the ground which is causing threat to the environment as
well as endangering public health.

This waste is generated as consequences of activities such as the

cleaning, cooking, repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of
plastic carry bags. Many times these waste gets mixed with biomedical
waste from hospitals and clinics. There is no system of segregation of
organic, inorganic and recyclable wastes at the household level. Door-to-
door collection is rarely practiced community collection bins are poorly
managed and are usually no more than open dumps on the roadside.
The improper handling and management of Domestic Waste from
households are causing adverse effect on the public at large and this
deteriorates the environment.

The municipal workers are most affected people by the occupational

danger (hazard) of waste handling, they suffer from illness like eye
problems respiratory problems, gastro and skin problems. The persons
who wander for collecting the discarded things for selling purpose through
wastes also suffer from various health problems like respiratory problem
from inhaling particles, infection from direct contact with contaminated
materials which lead to headache, diarrhea, fever and cough and cold.
The growing problem of lack of solid waste management collection as well
as improper disposal techniques also lead to various diseases and even
death of the animals specially cows, birds and stray dogs who wander and
rummages through the waste for food. These wastes are having different
characteristics and having toxic elements. Many times the animals like the
cows, buffalos eat up the plastics alongwith the food and due to the death
of animals ensues. Due to eating up of waste generated food it affect the
quality and quantity of the milk products of the animals.

Due to uncollected waste and improper disposal techniques drains also get
clogged which lead to mosquitoes by which various diseases like malaria,
chicken-guinea, wirel fever, dengue etc. arise and affect the health of
people adversely.

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, which was
framed by the Central Government under the power coffered upon it by
environment protection Act 1986, rules came into force from 2000.
The apathetic Governmental attitude towards the disposal of waste is a
problem that has led to difficulties in implementation of “The Municipal Solid
Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000” as it has led to ignorance
towards uncollected domestic waste.
2.10. SOLUTIONS OF DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL

Some of the suggestions to eradicate the problem of domestic waste faced

by the people:
 The government should take into account all the factors responsible
for environment pollution and should give the priority for effective
enforcement of Environmental Laws and Rules.
 There should be concerted efforts of government for spreading the
awareness among the people about the importance of cleanliness
and protection of environment through the communication media as
well as organizing awareness camps at local levels.
 Immediate attention should be given to integrate the role of NGOs,
private sectors and rag pickers, the emerging actors in the field of
waste disposal, for overall institutional framework.
 Efforts should be taken for strengthening local authorities,
scientifically and technologically, for providing training to existing
manpower and exchanging information and integrating knowledge by
complementing the efforts of agencies dealing with environment.
 Need to educate the people to store waste at source, dispose of the
waste as per the directions of the local bodies and effectively
participate in the activities of local bodies to keep the cities clean.
 People should form the habit of storing waste at source in their own
houses and deposit such waste into the municipal system only.
 There should be separate waste disposal policy through the Central
Government and should separately allocate budget and work with the
help of effective institutional arrangements at local level.
 Environment’ this entry should be placed in concurrent list.
 Cleanliness should be developed as a part of culture.
 Government should revise its policies and enact new legislation
pertaining to proper disposal of Domestic Waste and providing stricter
compliance provisions.
 CHAPTER 3

POSITIONING

In addition, domestic waste disposal is the collection, processing, and

recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society. Waste is
classified by source and composition. Broadly speaking, waste materials
are either liquid or solid in form, and their components may be either
hazardous or inert in their effects on health and the environment. The term
waste is typically applied to solid waste, sewage (wastewater), hazardous
waste, and electronic waste.

LIMITATIONS OF DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.

Domestic waste disposal is one of the major environmental problems or
limitation that developing countries are faced with. Health hazard, traffic
congestion, unsightliness, unpleasantness and blockage of drainages are
some of the constraints caused by the lack of efficient waste management
practice in Nigeria. The problem of waste management has two parts, that
of collection and that of disposal. Communal collection, block collection,
door to door collection and kerbside collection methods have been
practiced by different societies. A lot of problems are faced in the collection
process like climatic problems, public attitude, nature of waste, and
transport condition. Disposal methods such as dumping sites, incineration,
recycling, shipping and home garbage disposal units have been used in
different societies. There are newer advances in disposal methods, such as
pyrolysis, biodegradable containers and biodegradation. These have fewer
functional problems but more feasibility problems such as initial and
maintenance costs. The government as well as the citizenry has roles to
play in adopting more suitable solutions to this problem.

APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL EFFECT.

We observe heaps of garbage lying along the roads while passing through
a highway. Open dumping is the most common applying method of waste
disposal in India.
The trash heaps are usually left open to the environment and the elements.
These seldom have a sparse covering which can often attract pests or
vermin.

Sometimes, these dumps are subjected to open burning, which can release
toxic fumes and smokes. There have also been instances where enough
heat has been generated to trigger a spontaneous combustion

Sometimes, wastes are illegally dumped into rivers and canals or used to
fill land depressions without proper consultations. These practices cause a
lot of problems in the long run. These can range from the degradation of
the soil quality to leaching toxic chemicals into underground water sources.
Therefore, to prevent such scenarios, proper waste disposal methods
should be adopted.

Application/Methods of Waste Disposal

Garbage accumulation has never been much of a concern in the past, but
due to globalization and industrialization, there is a need for a more
efficient waste disposal application or method. Following are some of the
methods that are used today.

Landfill
In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled are separated
out and spread as a thin layer in low-lying areas across a city. A layer of
soil is added after each layer of garbage.

Incineration
Incineration is the process of controlled combustion of garbage to reduce it
to incombustible matter such as ash and waste gas. The exhaust gases
from this process may be toxic, hence it is treated before being released
into the environment.

Waste Compaction
The waste materials such as cans and plastic bottles are compacted into
blocks and sent for recycling. This process prevents the oxidation of metals
and reduces airspace need, thus making transportation and positioning
easy.
Biogas Generation
Biodegradable waste, such as food items, animal waste or organic
industrial waste from food packaging industries are sent to bio-degradation
plants. In bio-degradation plants, they are converted to biogas by
degradation with the help of bacteria, fungi, or other microbes.

Composting
All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps, yard waste, etc.,
make up for one of the major organic wastes we throw every day.

Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is the process of using worms for the degradation of
organic matter into nutrient-rich manure. Worms consume and digest the
organic matter.
 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

SUMMARY
Holistically, chapter one narrated pre-historic development of waste, and
that waste are substances or objects, which are disposed off or are
intended to be disposed off or are required to be disposed off by the
provisions of national laws but the major type of waste for this study is
domestic waste, which is defined as a waste that is generated as a result of
day-to-day use of domestic premise. Domestic waste disposal is an issue
that is important to the management of urban areas. Therefore, the
importance of waste collection, transfer, and disposal cannot be over-
emphasized because many health impacts such as transmission of
infections such as cholera, typhoid fever, gastro-enteritis, dysentery, soil
transmitted helminthes infection, and Lassa fever on rare cases, and all
these depend on the type of exposure, nature of the waste, disposal site
proximity etc. This chapter indicated five objectives of the study which
can be mitigate to be; examining their waste practices, obtaining the
relationship the dependent variable and independent variable, identification
of the factors can promote and method that can help in improving the
waste disposal practice in Nigeria. In addition, the concept of solid waste
management was explained and it was indicated in the study that there is a
difference between waste management of developed also indicated that a
health educator is needed for proper management and recycling of solid
waste in Nigeria. In chapter three, the research design used for this
study was descriptive survey, the population of the study comprised of
the residents of Nigeria citizens, specifically Ibadan and it comprised of two
hundred respondents.

CONCLUSION.
Based on the findings in this study, it is concluded that most of Nigeria
citizens have low knowledge on the impact of domestic waste disposal
effect and solutions in relation to its health implication. It is equally
concluded that proximity to waste facility among the residents in Abadina
Community, Ibadan, Nigeria promote disease occurrences. It is also
concluded that since there is an indirect and significant relationship
between knowledge on domestic waste disposal practices and waste
pollution among the people in Abadina Community, improving
knowledge on domestic waste disposal will decrease the practice on
waste pollution such as burning of waste in Abadina Community.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
The following recommendations were made based on the findings of
the study.
1. Adequate skip containers should be provided in communities to
encourage frequent disposal of waste. Adequate skip containers will
decrease improper waste disposal method like waste burning.
2. Sufficient government funds should be approved annually to enhance
efficient waste management.
3. The metropolitan waste management bylaws should be strictly
enforced to punish anyone who disposes waste at unapproved
areas.
4. Recycling of waste should be encouraged by the government. The
government should encourage private sector waste management to
enhance recycling of waste.
5. Households should be educated on effects of indiscriminate waste
disposal.
6. Issues concerning technical, economic and social constrain
hindering proper waste management should be addressed.
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