CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The management of solid wastes continues to be a major challenge in urban

areas throughout the world particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the

developing world (Foo, 2014). A higher rate of population growth and

increasing per capita-income resulted in the generation of an enormous

volume of solid waste which poses a serious threat to environmental quality

and human health (Sigdha, 2015). Access to sanitation services and clean

adequate water is therefore regarded as crucial to the health and well-being of

the people.

As more cities become industrialized, the congestion problems of waste

management come along with it. Technological and economic advancement

has made of the types and kids of solid waste very diverse and their

management much more complex. The complex nature of diseases our break,

cases of cholera as well as other diarrheal diseases in recent times collaborate

these facts. Furthermore, changing of economics trend to rapid urbanization

complicate solid waste management in developing countries Consequently

solid waste is not only increase in composition but also changing in quality

from a few kilograms to tonnage proportion recently (Barton 1993) in Nigeria

1
the Government started privatization Solid Waste Collection (SWC) in order

to meet the collection demand of waste being generated. The privatizing is

believed to have taken place in the mid-1990s (Band and Posts, 2002).

Even though, the government privatized SWC, the public sector still collect

half of the wastes of higher income to low-income residence, low groups

cannot afford to pay proper garbage disposal and therefore dumps domestic

garbage in uncompleted houses, just to reverse into sewage, drains and other

illegal sides. According to Bored and Babangida (2013) in 2010, 80 percent

of waste was from low income residents and three 3% of waste was from

higher income groups, most of the waste generated from the low-income

residence in Kano State is not effectively collected.

Before, 1995 (60 percent of waste was collected by the waste management

department. According to Post, et-al, (2003) by 1999, about five years after

privatizing of the ratio of waste collection by the public and private sector

increase up to (70 percent, ten years down the lane, even with the

proliferation of more private waste management firms it is possible (10

percent of solid waste is not collected.

According to unpublished records from water and sanitation department of

the local government, there is a poverty of published data on the solid waste

collections situation in Mashi a rapidly growing metropolitan town. There is a

2
greater gap to fill by looking at the impact of socio-economic indicators, such

as income, education and family composition, an environment quality and

public health through solid waste collection and management in the area.

In a study conducted by Aminu (2018) on factors responsible for

indiscriminate waste disposal among households in Dala Local Government

Area of Kano State where hundred and fifty (150) respondents were used as a

sample for the study. It was finally reported that cultural influence, ignorance

as well as lack of public waste disposal sites are the leading factors to

indiscriminate waste disposal in the studied area.

Within the last few years, high number of households have spring up Mashi

and the large volumes of solid waste being generated and has left the Mashi

metropolis overwhelmed and unable to efficiently collect and dispose solid

waste. Subsequently, waste management has gradually degenerated in the

once well organized and neat residential areas of Mashi. Moreover, many

households have only had the team opportunity of choosing between the

services and the private services of Mashi limited. (Babangida, 2013)

Linkage exists between deficient instrument and health outcomes of urban

residents. For instance, information obtained from a case study in Mashi

Local Government indicated that in adequate of provision of proper sanitation

account for 7% of all death in 2010 and (60) percent of waste was collected

3
by the waste management department (Babangida, 2013). According to Post

et-al (2003) by 1999, about five years after privatization of (SWC) the ratio of

waste collection by the public and private proliferation of more private sector

increase of 10-70 percent, ten years down the lane even with the proliferation

of more private waste management firms it is possible 10 out of 10% solid

waste was collected.

In another related study conducted by Mustapha (2019) to investigate

perceived factors responsible for poor waste management in Zaria Local

Government Area of Kaduna state. Hundred and fifty (150) youths were used

as a sample for the study. He finally reported that majority of the respondents

revealed that it's culturally acceptable to disposed waste inside or just outside

the compound.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Ethically, the beauty of any environment lies on its good sanitary condition,

this is so because, when an environment is clean the lives of citizen are not

threatened by illness and diseases, proper refuse disposal management

involves the dumping of waste (Solid liquid or gas) from our homes,

industries and public outfits for example hotels, hospital and schools etc. at

specific place or in government provided containers and the control and

removal of refuse from places where they are hazardous to rural communities

4
present a horrifying pictures, the neglected of filter refuse bins. In recent, it

has its effect on inhabitants, many areas around the home are littered with

domestic refuse, sewage, garbage and other waste from industrial operations,

are categorized by the generation of a large volume of waste in the form of

solid, liquid or gaseous state, etc. some of the waste are toxics with negative

impacts on human environment, land, water, air.

In a study conducted by Ahmed (2019) to investigate awareness of health

implications of indiscriminate waste disposal among households in Mashi

Local Government Area of Katsina State; two hundred household heads were

used as a sample for the study and researcher's developed questionnaire was

used as instrument for data collection. It was finally reported that majority of

the households disposed waste indiscriminately due to poor knowledge of the

health implications.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess the sociocultural factors affecting effective

waste management in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State. Hence,

the research objectives are:

1. To find out various ways in which socio-economic and cultural factors in

the area of study could affect waste management.

2. To find out various effect of socio-cultural factors in waste management

5
 and ways of correcting them.

3. To identify various problems associated with socio-cultural factors

affecting waste management and their effects/complications on human and

environmental health.

4. To offer suggestions and recommendations on various ways to improve

proper waste management in the rural communities of the area of study.

5. To health educating the general public on the importance of sanitation on

human health and environmental health.

1.4 Research Questions

This study attempts to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the various ways in which socio-economic and cultural factors

affect waste management practices in rural communities?

2. What are the effects of socio-cultural factors on waste management

practices, and how can they be corrected?

3. What are the problems associated with socio-cultural factors affecting

waste management, and what are their effects/complications on human and

environmental health?

4. What are the recommendations for improving proper waste management

in rural communities?

5. How can the general public be health-educated on the importance of

6
 sanitation for human and environmental health?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated to guide the study:

1. HO: Socio-economic and cultural factors significantly influence waste

management practices in rural communities.

2. HO: Socio-cultural factors have negative effects on waste management

practices, and addressing them can improve waste management outcomes.

3. HO: The problems associated with socio-cultural factors affecting waste

management have adverse effects/complications on human and

environmental health.

4. HO: Implementing recommendations for improving waste management

can lead to better waste management practices in rural communities.

5. HO: Health education on the importance of sanitation can increase the

adoption of sustainable waste management practices among the general

public.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will contribute to the existing knowledge on waste

management in rural communities, particularly in the area of socio-economic

and cultural factors that affect waste management practices. The study will

provide insights into the challenges faced by rural communities in waste

7
management and offer recommendations on how to address these challenges.

Additionally, the study will raise awareness on the importance of proper

waste management practices on human and environmental health and

encourage the general public to adopt sustainable waste management

practices. Finally, the study will serve as a basis for future research in the

field of waste management in rural communities.

1.7 Delimitation of the Study

The study attempts to investigate socio-cultural factors affecting effective

management of waste management in Mashi Local Government. The study is

delimited to 5 out 11 wards in Mashi LGA. It is also delimited to 100

households from the selected wards.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as used in this study:

 Cultural Factors: Beliefs, customs, values, and traditions that shape the

behavior and attitudes of individuals and groups within a society.

 Effective Waste Management: Refers to the act of proper maintaining

environmental quality through controlled of the waste.

 Environment: Refers to total surrounding of human enrolls that support

life.

 Environmental Health: The study and management of environmental

8
 factors that affect human health, including air and water pollution,

hazardous waste disposal, and exposure to toxic substances.

 Rural Communities: Communities located in rural areas, typically

characterized by a low population density, agricultural activities, and

limited access to resources and infrastructure.

 Sanitation: The practice of maintaining cleanliness and promoting public

health through the provision of adequate water supply, safe disposal of

human waste, and other hygiene practices.

 Socio-economic Factors: Factors related to the economic and social

conditions of a community or society, such as income level, education

level, employment status, and access to resources.

 Waste Management: The process of collecting, transporting, processing,

disposing, and monitoring waste products to prevent environmental

pollution and public health hazards.

 Waste Products: Any substance or material that is discarded or no longer

needed, such as household waste, industrial waste, or medical waste.

 Waste: Is the left over, used product whether liquid or solid no economic

value or demand which must be disposed or thrown away.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

This study assessed socio-cultural factors affecting effective waste

management in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina state. Hence related

literature were reviewed under the following sub-headings

2.1 Concepts of Waste management

2.2 Definition of waste and waste management

2.3 Waste Management or waste disposal

2.4 Classification of Wastes

2.5 Solid Wastes

2.6 Methods of Waste Disposal

2.1 Concept of Waste Management

Cities in Nigeria, as in the most of the developing nation, are among the most

rapidly urbanization and the rapid growth while western societies organized

of comparatively leisure par, this is a marked contrast with what obtains in the

many developing nation, the urban transition in 9 th century Europe as a

process was accompanied with urban environmental health problems as we

have it today in Africa deliberate effort spanning decade of sanitary reform

and economic development however needed to earth the high urban mortality

10
rates previously prevalent in Europe (Baniroch 1998).Once waste was

generated an inevitable of life it come a matter of urgent need to observed the

process from generation to the disposal in order to determine the area of

critical concern and tackle it in order to avoid pollution to a large extent and

also preserve good health.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is define as the control, generation, stage,

collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid waste

constant with best practice of public health, economic and financial

administration, local and environmental consideration (Othman, 2013).

Othman (2013) stated that human technological and economic advancement

has made the type or kinds of solid waste are very diverse and problems of

waste management more complex.

Furthermore, poor institutional frame work and low capability as well as lack

of research in both humans and capital has put waste management and

sanitation condition in many cities of developing world, particularly in Africa

in jeopardy (NEH4, 2005). For instance, the high demand for plastic and

rubber products and many non-biodegradables, poses both health and

economic effect; such waste could be recycled. However, illiteracy, lack of

self-control and lack of willingness to pay for solid waste management are

contributing factors to trigger the recycling a big hurdle. In summer solid and

11
gaseous forms are increasingly a menace to the society.

According to UNEP (2014) solid generation has come an increasing

environment and public health problem everywhere in the world particularly

in developing countries Nigeria not an exception. The difficult to find realistic

estimate of some amount of waste generation in Mashi Local Government per

day much less the average of value of percentage of the various compound of

waste generated periodically in Mashi Local Government metropolis. This is

because waste segregation is hardly practiced, not to mention inherent record

keeping practice by most institution in addition, the culture of recycling,

which is very prominent factors in waste management issue, is concept yet to

be fully 9 accepted and practical on large scale.

The problem of waste in most part of Mashi Local Government has been

characterized by simple and Adhoc solution such as mobilizing people to

collect waste and sets chocked gutters free after a flood disaster, for a special

immense some offered solutions include temporal allocation of waste

collection contract and dumping or building a control solid waste composition

plan. Read (2013) observe that solid waste management is characterized by

that male prescribed answers, with single issue interest groups promoting a

single solution as the expense of others adequately.

The numerous cases of cholera outbreak as well as other diarrhea diseases

12
especially in recent times will clearly attest to the fact that these mishaps

result general due to open dumps and wetlands contaminating surface and

ground water and poses serious health hazard.

2.2 Definition of Waste and Waste Management

Waste: Is the left over used product whether liquid or solid having no

economic value or demand which must be disposed or thrown away.

Wastes (or waste) are unwanted or unusable materials example municipal

solid waste (household trash/refuse).

Hazardous waste water (such as sewage which contain body wastes (faeces

and urine) and surface radioactive waste and others en.wiki.org.

Waste Management: Refers to the act of maintaining an acceptable

environmental quality, sound demand and public health creation of aesthetic

value. (Wikipedia, 2022)

Waste Management: Is the process name for the collecting transportation

disposal or recycling and monitoring of waste. This term assigned to the

material waste, material that is product through human being activity. This

material is managed its adverse effort over human health and environmental.

(Wikipedia, 2022)

2.3 Waste Management Or Waste Disposal

Waste management/disposal is the activity and action required to manage

13
wastes from its inception to its final disposal. Waste is produced by human

activities for example the extraction and processing of raw materials.

(Devision Technology, 2009).

2.3.1 Waste Generation

Waste generation has been increasing rapidly due to organization and

industrialization. As a result of population growth and organization in

developing countries, waste generation rates are much higher than most

developed countries and the industrials waste generation rate are also very

higher as the most of industries are primary industries producing raw

materials for industrial productions. Furthermore, due to improve living

standard, improved health care and due to globalization a number of new

waste stream have emerged especially hazardous wastes (Devision

Technology, 2009).

Human nature is such that waste generation cannot be avoided, the value of

waste generation is also defendant on the economic status of the people. This

is buttressed by the fact that higher income results in increased consumption

or further more generation of more waste. The more influence is likely to

generate more waste through new items purchases as well as probably yards’

waste that could be generated from the trumping landscaping the waste when

probably placed in the environment. International Energy released its

14
presentation on world energy in London on November 9 th 2011, the report

revealed that the percentage of people (about 20% of the global population)

uses close to 80% of the world wastes (International Energy, 2011)

Developing countries have solid waste management problem that affect those

found in fully industrialized countries. Indeed, every composition of waste

differ from that of developing nations not withstanding in low - income waste

energy is only 0.4 to 0.6 kg/ person/ day opposed to 0.7 to 1.8kg person/day

in fully industrialized countries (Zerbolle 2003). In several part of Africa

thousands of tons of solid wastes is generated daily. Most of this waste ends

up in open dumps and wetlands there by contaminating surface and ground

water and poses major health hazard (ESSR, 2009).

The waste generation rate available only for selected cities and region, are

approximately 0.3kilogram per person per day in some cases reaching as

higher as 0.8kilogram per person per day (EGSSAA 2009).

2.3.2 Waste Storage

Generation of waste in homes is usually deserve and need to be helped

together in receptacle until collection times is due. Storage should be on short

term basis only and prevent the waste from being spread to the environment.

In some condition improper storage could be deemed dispersal and could

trigger more regulation of waste (US EPA, 2008).

15
MEFN (2000) outline certain critical steps that should be taken in to account

when establishing and maintaining storage facilities for solid waste which

include.

a. Storage facilities to be set up by municipal designed in such a way that

waste stored not exposed to open atmosphere and should be esthetically

acceptable and user friendly.

b. Storage facilities should be created and established by taking into account

that waste generation in a given area and the population densities.

c. Storage facilities should be easy to operate and designed for easy handling

transfer and transportation of waste.

d. Storage facilities should be so placed that is acceptable to user.

2.3.3 Waste Collection

Throughout, most Sub-Saharan Africa, waste generation exceed collection

capacity this is in fact due to rapid urban population growth, while 35% of

Sub-Saharan population lives in urban area. The urban population grew by

150% between 1990 (EGSSAA 2009).

According to Anomayo (2004) Waste collection for instance is both on

franchise and contract basis. The volume of waste generation and estimated

percentage collected is not known due to the cities poor documentation on the

other hand the house to house collection service is provided in the high

16
 income area where contractors charge stipulated storage (Anomanyo 2004).

On the other hand, the department manages both solid and liquid and has

about 30% contractors for solid waste management, each contractor with not

less than ten laborers. Some of the contractors include Stan Owasa and co.

The department officers assigned to various, street drains, public toilets etc.

Waste generation and dumping area has at least 8 laborers permanently

assigned to the places. This however seems quiet in adequate. The department

in equipped with side loader track, a pray refuse collection or crafts to door

service is not economically feasible and only a communal bell system is

viable (Coin Treal-Lovine, 2018).

2.4 Classification of Waste

i. Solid waste.

ii. Liquid waste.

iii. Gaseous waste. (Wikipedia, 2022)

i. Solid Waste: Is a type of waste that comprised e.g. broken bottles empty

cans, old tiles particle at iron etc. (Wikipedia, 2022)

ii. Liquid Waste: Is type of waste that generate from house, industries, and

other companies or municipal. (Wikipedia, 2022)

Example of liquid waste generation from houses

- Sewage

17
 - Sullage

Liquid Waste Generation from Industries

- Insecticide chemical

- Detergent chemical

Liquid Waste Generation from Municipal

- Storm water

iii. Gaseous Waste: Is any waste inform of smoke generation or arises from

house or industries that pollute the atmosphere and cause air pollution and

global warming. (Wikipedia, 2022)

Example

i. Ozone

ii. Exhaust from motor vehicles

iii. Carbon monoxide (Wikipedia, 2022)

Types of Wastes

1) Degradable Waste

2) Non Degradable Waste (Wikipedia, 2022)

Degradable Waste: Is any waste or types of waster that microorganisms can

act on it.

Example

a. Cloths

18
 b. Papers
c. Dead body
d. Plant
e. Garbage (Wikipedia, 2022)
Non Degradable Waste: Is any waste that cannot breakdown by natural

organisms and acts as a source of pollution.

Example

a. Broken bottle

b. Old tires (Wikipedia, 2022)

2.4.1 Component of Solid Waste

The major components of municipal solid waste are food waste, paper,

plastic, rags, metal, and glass, although demolition and construction debris is

often included in collected waste, as are small quantities of hazardous waste,

such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts, and discarded

medicines and chemicals. (www.sciencedirect.com)

2.5 Solid Waste

This refers to as any garbage or refuse from a water treatment plant, water

supply treatment plant, or an air population control facility and other

discarded materials including solid, liquid, or contain gaseous material

resulting from industrial, commercial mining agriculture operation from

community activities (US EPA 2022).

19
In the word of Misra and Pandy (2005) “a material became waste when it is

discovered without expecting to composited to the far its inherent value solid

waste composed of combustible and noncombustible material. The

combustible material include paper, plastic, yard and rubber, found waste

wood, textile disposal disperse and other dynamic from ceramics (Zerbock

2003).

Solid Waste

Processing and Recovery: Solid waste is not only rising in quantity but also

changing in composition (from less organic matter to more paper, packing

material plastics, glass and other substance) which is excavated by low

collection rate (Barton and Medina 2019).

Municipal solid waste contains organic as well as inorganic matter; reduction

of solid waste is essential to make the waste more environmentally friendly

and also valuable energy for use.

Solid waste is easier to handle and more prospective to being recycled as

compared to liquid waste (http//www.toa/og/againsto).

2.6 Method of Waste Disposal

Industrialized Nations are grappling with the problems of exploration and safe

waste disposal. Non-biodegradable and toxic waste like radioactive

ruminants, can potential cause irreparable damage to the environment and

20
human health if not strategically disposed. Though waste disposal has been a

matter of concern, taking massive proportion due to growth in population and

industrialization, the two major factors that contribute to waste generation

though same advancement is being made in waste disposal method, they are

still not adequate the challenge is to detect new or any non-hazardous method

of waste disposal and put these methods in to use. (Barton and Medina 2019)

1. Preventing/Reducing Waste Generation

Extensive use of new or unnecessary product is the cause of unchecked waste

formation. The rapid population growth makes it imperative to use the second

hand or judiciously use the currently yielding ill effect of toxic wastes.

Disposing of the waste will also assume formidable shape. A conscious

decision should be made of the personal and professional level to judiciously

curb the menacing growth of waste.

2. Recycling

Recycling serves to transform the waste in to product of their own genre

through industrial processing, paper, glass, aluminum, and plastic are

commonly recycling it is environmentally friend to reuse the waste instead of

adding to the nature. (Wikipedia, 2022)

3. Incineration

Incineration features combustion of waste to transform them in to bass

21
component with the generation being trapped for deriving energy assorted

gases and inert ash are common by product population is caused by varied

degrees’ dependent on nature of waste combusted and incineration design use

of filter check pollution it is rather in expensive to born waste and the waste

volume is reduced by about 90%.

The nutrient rich ash derived at of burning organic waste can facilitate

hydroponic solution. Hazardous and toxic waste can be easily bored by using

these methods the energy extracted can because for cooking, heating, and

supplying power to turbines however strict vigilance and due diligence should

be exposed in check the accidental leakage of micro level contaminant, such

as dioxin from incinerator links. (Wikipedia, 2022)

1. Composting

It involved decomposition of organic waste by microbus by allowing the

waste to stay accumulated in a pit for a long period time. The nutrient rich

compost can be used as plant manure. However, the process is slow and

consumes a significant amount of land. Biological reprocessing tremendously

improves the fertility of the soil. (Wikipedia, 2022)

2. Sanitary Land Fill

This involves the dumping of waste in to a land fill the base is prepared of a

protective lining which serve as a barrier between waste and ground water

22
and prevent separation of toxic chemicals in to the water zone, waste layers

are subjected to compaction and subsequently coated with an earth layer. Soil

there is nonporous is preferred to mitigate of toxic chemicals. Landfills

should be created in places will low ground water level and perform source of

flooding. (Wikipedia, 2022)

3. Disposal in Ocean and Sea

Waste generally of radioactive nature are dumping in the ocean far from

human habitats however environments challenging this method, such an

action is believed to spell down for aquatic life by depriving the ocean water

of its inherent nutrient. Effect of waste disposal call for concerted effort from

at no more how anxious of worried that may be about or environment.

(Wikipedia, 2022)

23
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter focuses on research design, population of the study, sample and

sampling technique, data collection instrument, validation of the instrument

and data analysis

3.1 Research Design

Descriptive survey was used for this study. According to Nwana (2005)

descriptive design focuses on people and their beliefs, opinion, ideas,

perceptions and behaviour. Descriptive survey design therefore is more

suitable for this type of, since the study attempts to find out the knowledge of

Analyzing Socio Cultural Factors Affecting Effective Waste Management in

Rural Communities in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State.

3.2 Area of Study

Mashi is a Local Government Area in Katsina State, Nigeria, sharing a border

with the Republic of Niger. Its headquarters are in the town of Mashi in the

southwest of the area at12°59′00″N 7°57′00″E. It has an area of 905 km2 and

a population of 173,134 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is

823.

24
Mashi local government is domiciled in Katsina state, North-west Nigeria and

has its headquarters in the town of Mashi. Mashi LGA is bordered by parts of

the Niger Republic and is made up of 11 wards which are Bamble, Doguru

‘A’, Doguru ‘B’, Gallu, Jigawa, Karau, Mashi, S/Rijiya, Tamilo ‘A’, and

Tamilo ‘B’. The estimated population of Mashi LGA is put at 200,632

inhabitants with the vast majority of the area’s dwellers being members of the

Fulani ethnic groups. The Fufulde and Hausa languages are commonly

spoken in the LGA with the religion of Islam widely practiced in the area.

Geography of Mashi

Mashi LGA occupies a total area of 905 square kilometres and has an average

temperature of 34 degrees centigrade. The LGA witnesses two distinct

seasons which are the dry and the rainy seasons. The LGA has an average

humidity level of 19 percent while the average wind speed in the area is put at

11 km/h.

Economy of Mashi

Mashi LGA is a hub for agricultural activities with the area known for the

cultivation of a number of crops. Also, the rearing and sales of animals such

as cows and goats is popular in Mashi LGA. Trade also flourishes in Mashi

LGA with the area hosting a number of markets such as the Mashi town

25
Market which attracts several buyers and sellers. Other important economic

activities in Mashi LGA include leather works and hunting.

3.3 Population of the Study

Mashi has a population of 200,632 (2006 census). In order to conduct this

research successfully, a total of one hundred (100) respondents from the

households in Mashi LGA were selected. Twenty (20) respondents were

randomly selected from the five (5) wards selected within the area of study.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques

Sample of hundred (100) respondents were drawn for this study. However,

multistage random sampling technique was used to select the sample. In the

first place, 5 out of 10 wards in Mashi Local Government Area were

randomly selected. The selected wards include Mashi, Bamble, Doguru ‘A’,

Doguru ‘B’ and Jigawa. The same technique was used to draw twenty (20)

households from each of the five (5) selected wards to make the total number

of one hundred (100) respondents.

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection

Researcher developed questionnaire named Questionnaire on Analysis of the

Sociocultural Factors Affecting Effective Waste Management

(QASCFAEWM) was used as instrument for data collection. The

questionnaire comprises of three (3) sections; section A, B and C. Section A

26
concerns with demographic information of the respondents, while Section B

asked information about factors responsible for poor waste management and

Section C touch the awareness on the implications of indiscriminate waste

disposal.

3.6 Validation of the Instrument

In order to determine the contents validity of the instrument, three (3) copies

of the questionnaire were given to 3 lectures in the Department of

Environmental Health, Nurun-Ala-Nur Advance College, Mashi. Their

corrections, suggestions and advices were merged in the final draft of the

questionnaire and to the satisfaction of the researcher supervisor.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

An introductory letter was collected from the Department of Environmental

Health, Nurun-Ala-Nur Advance College, Mashi which was presented to

District Heads of area of the study to seek permission to conduct the study.

Hundred (100) copies of the questionnaires will ware administered to

Households in Mashi Local Government Area with the help of 3 research

assistants. Due to the time factor, the respondents were requested to fill the

questionnaire on the spot.

27
3.8 Data Analysis

Descriptive statistic of frequency counts and percentage was used to analyze

all responses from respondents. The total responses to a particular option in

an item was divided by the total number of responses per item and multiplied

by 100 to arrive at the percentage of a particular option for each item.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

This study assessed the socio-cultural factors affecting effective waste

management in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State. The data

collected from the respondents during this study were presented in the tables

below:

4.1 Data Analysis

One hundred (100) copies of questionnaire were administered to the

respondents and ninety-three (93) copies were correctly filled and returned to

the researcher. Therefore, the analysis is done best on the number of the

returned questionnaires.

Section A: Demographic Information of the Respondents

Table 1: Age of the Respondents

Age Frequency Percentage
18-25 35 37.6%
26-35 50 53.8%
36-45 8 8.6%
46 and above - -
Total 93 100%

Table 1 above reveals that, 35 respondents representing 37.6% of responses

were within age range of 18-25 years old, 50 respondents which are the

29
majority representing 53.8% of responses were 26-35 years old, and 8

respondents representing 8.6% of responses were 36-45 years old.

Table 2: Occupation of the Respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage
Civil servants 38 40.9%
Business 26 28%
Farming 7 7.5%
Student 22 23.8%
Total 93 100%

The above table reveals that, 38 respondents which were the majority

representing 40.9% of the responses were civil servants, 26 respondents

representing 28% of responses were businessmen, and 7 respondents

representing 7.5% of responses were farmers, while 22 respondents

representing 23.6% of responses were students.

Table 3: Education of the Respondents

Education Frequency Percentage

Non-formal education 8 8.6%
Primary 10 10.75%
Secondary 10 10.75%
NCE/ND 29 31.2%
Degree/HND 36 38%
Total 93 100%

The table above shows that, 8 respondents representing 8.6% have non-formal

education, 10 respondents representing 10.75% of responses attended primary

school, another 10 respondents representing 10.75% of responses attended

30
secondary schools, 29 respondents representing 31.2% of the responses were

NCE/ND holders, and 36 respondents which were the majority representing

38.7% of the responses are HND/Degree holders.

Table 4: Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Married 43 46%
Single 50 54%
Total 93 100%

The above table shows that, 43 respondents representing 46% of the

responses are marries while 50 respondents which are the majority

representing 54% of the responses are single.

SECTION B: Factors Responsible for Poor Waste Management

Table 5: Are you aware of the public health implication of indiscriminate

waste disposal?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 75 80%
No 18 20%
Total 93 100%

Table 5 above reveals that 75 respondents which are the majority representing

80% of responses indicated that yes, they have awareness on the public health

implications of indiscriminate waste disposal, while 18 respondents

representing 20% of responses are not aware of the public health implications

of indiscriminate waste disposal. This means the majority of the households

31
in Mashi LGA have awareness on the public health implications of

indiscriminate waste disposal.

Table 6: Is it part of your culture to dispose waste inside the house?

Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 67 70%
No 26 30%
Total 93 100%

Table 6 above shows that 67 respondents which were the majority

representing 70% of responses agreed that is their culture to disposed waste

inside or just outside their houses, while 26 respondents representing 30% of

responses do not believe. This means majority of households in Mashi Local

Government Area believed that is part of their culture to dispose waste inside

or just outside their houses.

Table 7: Do you dispose your waste inside the house?

Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 26 28%
No 67 72%
Total 93 100%

The table above reveals that 26 respondents representing 28% of total

responses indicated that, yes they dispose their waste inside the house, while

67 respondents identified that, no they do not dispose their waste inside the

house. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local

32
Government do not dispose their waste inside their houses.

Table 8: If yes above, do you usually dispose your waste in the house to
be used later as organic manure for Agriculture?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 21 23%
No 72 77%
Total 93 100%

Table 8 above reveals that 21 respondents which are the minority representing

23% of responses answered that yes, the disposed their waste in the house to

be later used as an organic manure for agriculture, while 77 respondents

representing 77% of responses answered with no and they are the majority.

Table 9: Do you believe that only non-educated people dispose waste

indiscriminately?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 53 60%
No 40 40%
Total 93 100%

Table 9 above reveals that 53 respondents which are the majority representing

60% of responses agreed that indiscriminate waste disposal is usually done by

uneducated people, while 40 respondents representing 40% of responses

disagree with the question above. This means the majority of the households

in Mashi Local Government agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste is

33
done by uneducated people.

Table 10: Is the inability of government to provide community waste

disposal sites the reason for indiscriminate waste disposal in your
community?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 41 44%
No 52 56%
Total 93 100%

Table 10 above reveals that 41 respondents representing 44% respondents of

the total responses agreed that inability of Government to provide community

waste disposal site is the reason for indiscriminate waste disposal, while 52

respondents which were the majority representing 56% of responses disagree

with the question. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local

Government do not agreed that inability of government to provide community

waste disposal sites is the reason for indiscriminate disposal of waste in their

community.

SECTION C: Awareness’s on the Implications of Indiscriminate Waste

Disposal

34
Table 11: Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can
contaminate sources of domestic water thereby leading to outbreak of
diseases such as cholera?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 61 65.5%
No 31 34.5%
Total 93 100%

Table 11 above reveals that 61 respondents which are the majority

representing 65.5% of responses agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste

can contaminate source of domestic water thereby leading to outbreak of

diseases like cholera, while 25 respondents representing 34.5% of responses

do not believe. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local

Government agreed that indiscriminate waste disposal can contaminate the

source of domestic water thereby leading to outbreak of diseases like cholera.

Table 12: Are you aware that indiscriminate disposal of waste can attract
disease vectors such as flies and mosquitos that transmitted diseases like
cholera, typhoid and malaria?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 67 70%
No 26 30%
Total 93 100%

Table 12 above reveals that 67 respondents which were the majority

representing 70% of responses agreed that indiscriminate waste disposal can

35
attract disease vectors such as flies and mosquitos that transmit cholera,

typhoid and malaria, while 26 respondents representing 30% of responses do

not agree. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local

Government agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste attract diseases

vectors like flies and mosquitos that transmit diseases like cholera, typhoid

and malaria.

Table 13: Do you agree that indiscriminate disposal of waste like broken
bottles, broken tiles, glasses or rubber can cause injuries especially to
children?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 75 80.6%
No 18 19.4%
Total 93 100%

Table 13 above reveals that 75 respondents which are the majority

representing 80.6% of responses agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste

like broken bottles, broken tiles, glasses or rubber can cause injuries

especially to children, while 18 respondents representing 19.4% of responses

do not agree. This means the majority of the households in Mashi Local

Government agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste like broken bottles;

broken tiles, glasses or rubber can cause injuries especially to children.

Table 14: Does indiscriminate disposal of waste causes unpleasant smell

in the environment?

36
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 77 83%
No 16 17%
Total 93 100%

Table 14 above reveals that 77 respondents which are the majority

representing 83% of responses agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste

cause unpleasant smell in the environment, while 16 respondents representing

17% of responses do not agree. This means the majority of the households in

Mashi Local Government agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste can

cause unpleasant smell in the environment.

Table 15: Indiscriminate disposal of waste can block sewers and drainage
leading to floods in the community?
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 65 70%
No 28 30%
Total 93 100%

Table 15 above reveals that 65 respondents representing 70% which were the

majority of the responses agreed that indiscriminate disposal of waste can

block sewers and drainage thereby leading to flood in the community, while

28 respondents representing 30% of responses do not agree. This means the

majority of the households in Mashi Local Government Area agreed that

indiscriminate disposal of waste can block sewers and drainage leading to

37
floods in the community.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

38
This study investigated the sociocultural factors affecting effective waste

management in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State. Chapter one

of this research provides an overview of the study, starting with an

exploration of the background to the study, the statement of the problem,

objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, the

significance of the study, scope and delimitation of the study and operational

definition of terms.

Chapter two delves into the foundation of the study by reviewing the related

literature. It consists of the concept of waste management, provides a

comprehensive definition of waste and waste management, examines the

various facets of waste management/disposal, classification of waste is also

discussed, solid waste, and finally, the method of waste disposal, discussing

various strategies for managing waste.

Chapter three elucidates the research methodology employed in this study.

The chapter discusses the chosen research design, the area of study,

population of the study, it also highlights the target group under investigation,

and the sample size, discussing the size and characteristics of the sample, the

instrument for data collection, validity of the instrument, collection procedure

and data analysis method.

39
Chapter four deals with the data analysis and presentation, where the gathered

data is analyzed using the prescribed methods. This chapter seeks to provide a

detailed examination of the research findings.

Chapter five serves as the culmination of the research effort. It offers a

summary of the key research, discussion of findings, conclusions are also

drawn, and finally, recommendations were presented, offering practical

suggestions for addressing the issues related to waste management

highlighted in the study.

5.2 Discussion of the Findings

This study is conducted in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State, it

delved into socio-cultural factors impacting effective waste management.

Data from 93 returned questionnaires shed light on waste management, public

health awareness, and cultural practices in the community.

Demographic characteristics of the respondents indicated that a significant

portion of the population, 53.8%, was young adults between the ages of 18-

35, which is relevant for understanding their attitudes and behaviors towards

waste management. Regarding occupation, civil servants (40.9%) and

businesspeople (28%) were the predominant groups, highlighting the need to

tailor waste management strategies to specific occupational groups based on

distinct waste generation patterns. Education-wise, respondents with

40
HND/Degree qualifications (38%) formed the majority, indicating a basic

formal education level, which can influence their understanding of waste

management practices. Marital status showed that the majority of respondents

were single (54%), and 46% were married, suggesting potential differences in

the waste management needs and perceptions of these groups.

The study identified factors contributing to poor waste management, with

80% of respondents being aware of the public health implications of

indiscriminate waste disposal, suggesting the potential effectiveness of public

health campaigns. In terms of cultural practices, 70% reported that disposing

waste inside or just outside their houses was a part of their culture, but a

majority (72%) did not practice this, revealing a gap between cultural beliefs

and actual waste disposal practices.

Regarding awareness of implications, respondents demonstrated high

awareness, with 65.5% recognizing the contamination of domestic water

sources leading to disease outbreaks and 70% identifying disease vectors like

flies and mosquitoes. Additionally, 80.6% agreed that indiscriminate waste

disposal could cause injuries, particularly to children, emphasizing safety

risks. Furthermore, 83% agreed that improper waste disposal could lead to an

unpleasant smell in the environment, highlighting the importance of proper

waste management for a healthy community. Finally, 70% acknowledged that

41
indiscriminate waste disposal could block sewers and drainage, potentially

causing flooding, emphasizing the broader environmental impact of poor

waste management practices.

In conclusion, the study's findings provide valuable insights into socio-

cultural factors affecting waste management in Mashi Local Government

Area. The data indicates a high level of awareness regarding the public health

and environmental implications of poor waste management. These findings

can serve as a foundation for developing targeted waste management

interventions and public education campaigns to encourage responsible waste

disposal practices, ultimately improving overall environmental and public

health conditions in the community.

5.3 Conclusion

Based on findings of this study, it was concluded that households in Mashi

Local Government Area of Katsina State were aware of various sociocultural

factors affecting effective waste management like agricultural factors,

illiteracy, and majority were aware of the health implications of

indiscriminate waste disposal, even though majority revealed that

indiscriminate waste disposal cannot cause unpleasant smell in the

community.

5.4 Recommendations

42
To ensure a clean and safe environment the Katsina State Government should

established an authority (SEPA) to monitor the environments and related

diseases like malaria, fever, typhoid fever, dysentery and others.

Indiscriminate refuse dumps affect quality of water and air. Public

educational programmes that enlighten the public on the health implications

of indiscriminate dumping of refuse should be established too. More so, based

on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:

1- Health personnel should double their effort on educating people on health

implications and dangers of indiscriminate waste disposal.

2- Government should make policy to ban indiscriminate disposal of waste in

the community.

3- Government should provide adequate waste disposal sites and sanitation

facilities and equipment for the community to reduce indiscriminate waste

disposal.

4- Government should employ more sanitarian to reduce prevalence of waste

in the community.

5- Future researchers should conduct more researches on the factors responsible

for indiscriminate waste disposal and its implications in the community.

REFERENCES

Ahmed (2019) awareness of health implications of indiscriminate waste

43
 disposal among households in Kankia Local Government Area of
Katsina State. Journal of Environmental Health, Vol: 4 (6) pp. 123-8

Aminu I, (2018). Factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal among

Households in Dala Local Government Area of Kano State. Journal of
Community Health Services. Vol. 8 (3) pp. 200-6.

Anomayo, (2004): Assessment of Waste Disposal Methods in Madagali Local

Government Area of Adamawa State.

Babangida I (2013) Assessment of Awareness of Risk Poor Waste

management in Kano. Journal of Environmental Health Sciences. Vol.
5 (8) pp. 141-6.

Band and Post. (2002), Exploring Secondary School Students Understanding

and Practices of Waste Environmental Health (2004) Vol. I No/ PP. 29.

Baniroch, (1998): Microbiology of Refuse in Port-Harcourt University of

Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.

Baron and Medina, (2019): Reviewing Household and Environmental

Problems in Accra Metropolitan Area.

Devison Technology (2020): “Data Collection of National Study on

Privatization of Solid Waste Management in Eight Cities of Nigeria.

ESSR, (2009): Informal Sector Waste Recycling, 19th Water Sanitation

Environmental and Development at Ghana.

Foo D, G (2014) Waste management strategies. Ibadan, MD press

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashi

44
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management

MPEN, (2000): Methodological Issue Related to Epidemiological Assessment

of Health Risk of Waste Management, Environmental and Health
Impact of Solid Waste Management Activities P. 195-210.

Mustapha (2019) Perceived factors responsible for poor waste management in

Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Journal of public health
sciences. Vol 9 (4), pp 123-9

Mustapha L, (2019). Knowledge of health effects of indiscriminate sewage

Disposal. Journal of Social Health Sciences. Vol. 9 (2) pp. 134-8.

Othman, (1993): Waste Management and Sanitation at Janes Town and Accra
Central University Ghana Legon.

Read, R. (2013) Solid Waste management. Ibadan. HP press.

Sigdha (2015) Effects of Poor Management of Waste on Human health.

Lagos, Spring publishers LTD.

UNEP (20014) Waste management in African. International Journal of Public

Health Sciences. Vol. 4 (7) pp. 125-9.
www.sciencedirect.com)

Zerbock, (2003): Health Implication of Solid Waste Management Special

Emphasis on Middle Land Lower Income Countries Draft World Bank
Report.
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL
FACTORS AFFECTING EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
MASHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE

45
 (QASCFAEWM)

Department of Environmental
Health, Nurun-Ala-Nur Advance
College, Mashi LGA, Katsina
State.

Dear respondent,

I am a final year student in the above named institution carrying out a

research study titled “Sociocultural Factors Affecting Effective Waste

Management in Mashi Local Government Area of Katsina State”. Your

cooperation in providing the following information will be highly

appreciated. All information provided would be used for academic purpose

only.

Section “A” Bio-Data of the Respondents

Instruction: Please, kindly tick (√) the option applicable to you

1. Age: a. 18-25years ( ) b. 26-35years ( ) c. 36-45years ( )

d. 46- above years ( )

2. Occupation: a. Civil Service ( ) b. Business ( ) c. Farming ( ) d.

Student ( )

3. Marital Status: a. Single ( ) b. Married ( )

4. Educational Status: a. Non-formal Education ( ) b. Primary ( )

c. Secondary ( ) d. NCE/Diploma ( ) e. HND/Degree ( )

SECTION “B” Factors Responsible for Poor Waste Management

46
1. Are you aware of the public health implications of indiscriminate waste

disposal? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

2. Is it part of your culture to dispose waste inside the house?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

3. Do you dispose your waste outside the house? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

4. If yes above, do you usually dispose your waste in the house to be used

later for organic manure for agriculture? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

5. Do you believed that only non-educated people dispose waste

indiscriminately? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

6. Is the inability of government to provide community waste disposal sites

as the reason for indiscriminate waste disposal in your community?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

SECTION "C" Awareness’s on the Implications of Indiscriminate Waste

Disposal

1. Are you aware that indiscriminate disposal of waste can contaminates

source of domestic water thereby leading to outbreak of diseases like

cholera? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

2. Are you aware that indiscriminate disposal of waste can attracts disease

vectors such as flies and mosquitoes that transmitted diseases like cholera,

typhoid and malaria? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

47
3. Do you agree that indiscriminate disposal of waste like broken bottles;

glasses or robber can cause injuries especially to children?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

4. Does indiscriminate disposal of waste causes unpleasant smells in your

environment? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

5. Do you agree that indiscriminate of waste can block sewers and drainage

thereby leading to floods in the community? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

Thank You

48