Neurological Disorder

Presented by:
Samriddhi Sinha
Class X-A
Roll No. 25
 What Is Neurological Disorder?

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.

Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal
cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. There are
many recognised neurological disorder, some relatively common, but
many rare. They may be assessed by neurological examination, and
studied and treated within the specialities of neurology and clinical
neuropsychology. The World Health Organisation estimated in 2006 that
neurological disorders and their sequelae (direct consequences) affect as
many as one billion people worldwide, and identified health
inequalities and social stigma/discrimination as major factors
contributing to the associated disability and suffering.
 Top 5 Most Common Neurological Disorders

1. Stroke : A stroke occurs when the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the brain is interrupted by a
partial or complete blockage of the arteries that feed it. Brain cells suffer damage from this
lack of oxygen, which can result in the inability to walk and balance and speak; as well as
difficulty thinking and remembering past events

2. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia : Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological

disorder that affects memory, language, and cognition. It is the most common cause of
dementia, accounting for 60-70% of cases. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, but
there are drugs that can slow the progression of some symptoms.

3. Migraines : Severe, debilitating headaches that can last for two or more days may be 
migraines. Migraines can be accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light and nausea. The
cause of migraine headaches is unknown, but stress, hormones, anxiety and shock have been
known to trigger migraines
4. Spinal Cord Disorders : Injury to the spinal cord or conditions present from birth
can affect the movement and functions of the body below the point where it is
healthy. The most common include cervical myelopathy (compression of the spinal
cord in the neck; lumbar myelopathy , which affects the spinal cord in the lower spine;
and thoracic myelopathy, which affects the spinal cord in the middle (thoracic) spine.

5. Epilepsy : People with epilepsy suffer seizures that result from abnormal brain

activity. Seizure sometimes involve involuntary muscle contractions but may also be
characterized by feeling confusion or periods of blanking out.
 What Is Stroke?
In the 1970s the World Health Organization defined stroke as a
"neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours
or is interrupted by death within 24 hours ", although the word "stroke" is
centuries old. This definition was supposed to reflect the reversibility of
tissue damage and was devised for the purpose, with the time frame of 24
hours being chosen arbitrarily. The 24-hour limit divides stroke
from transient ischemic attack, which is a related syndrome of stroke
symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours. With the availability of
treatments that can reduce stroke severity when given early, many now
prefer alternative terminology, such as brain attack and acute ischemic
cerebrovascular syndrome (modeled after heart attack and acute coronary
syndrome, respectively), to reflect the urgency of stroke symptoms and the
need to act swiftly.
 The three main types of stroke are:
Ischemic Stroke : Most strokes (87%) are ischemic strokes.1 An ischemic stroke happens when blood flow through the
artery that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the brain becomes blocked.
Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic strokes.

Hemorrhagic Stroke : A hemorrhagic stroke happens when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures (breaks open).
The leaked blood puts too much pressure on brain cells, which damages them.
High blood pressure and aneurysms—balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst—are examples of
conditions that can cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
There are two types of hemorrhagic strokes:
Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when an artery in the brain bursts,
flooding the surrounding tissue with blood.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a less common type of hemorrhagic stroke. It refers to bleeding in the area between the
brain and the thin tissues that cover it.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) : A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is sometimes called a “mini-stroke.” It is different from
the major types of stroke because blood flow to the brain is blocked for only a short time—usually no more than 5
minutes.
 Treatment of stoke

Because ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes have different causes

and effects on the body, both require different treatments.
Rapid diagnosis is important for reducing brain damage and
enabling the doctor to treat the stroke using a suitable method
for the type.
The sections below cover the treatment options for ischemic
stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as some general
rehabilitation tips for both types.
 Prevention of Stroke
The best way to prevent a stroke is to address the underlying causes. People can achieve this by making
lifestyle changes such as:
• eating a healthful diet
• maintaining a moderate weight
• exercising regularly
• not smoking tobacco
• avoiding alcohol, or only drinking moderately
Eating a nutritious diet means including plenty of :
• fruits
• vegetables
• whole grains
• nuts
• seeds
Be sure to limit the amount of red and processed meat in the diet, as well as cholesterol and saturated
fats. Also, moderate salt intake to support healthy blood pressure levels.
Other measures a person can take to help reduce the risk of stroke include:
controlling their blood pressure levels
managing diabetes getting treatment for heart disease
 Causes and risk factors
Each type of stroke has a different set of potential causes. Generally, however, stroke
is more likely to affect a person if they:
• have overweight or obesity
• are 55 years of age or older
• have a personal or family history of stroke
• have high blood pressure
• have diabetes
• have high cholesterol
• have heart disease, carotid artery disease, or another vascular disease
are sedentary
• consume alcohol excessively
• smoke
• use illicit drugs