DAY-4

CHAPTER 5

ADVANCED QUERY CONCEPTS

union
Union operator returns all distinct rows selected by both queries
(eliminates duplicate rows)
eg:
select deptno from emp union select deptno from dept;
Example
Employees_Norway:
Employee_ID E_NAME
01 Hansen, ola
02 Svendson, tove
03 svendson,Stephen
04 Pettersen, kari
 Employees_USA:
Employee_ID E_NAME
01 turner, sally
02 kent, clark
03 svendson, Stephen
04 scott, Stephen
Example
List all different employee names in Norway and USA:
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway
UNION
SELECT E_Name FROM employees_USA
Result
• Name
• Hansen, ola
• Svendson, tove
• Svendson, Stephen
• Pettersen, kari
• Turner,sally
• Kent, clark
• Scott, Stephen
union all
The union all returns all rows selected by either query including duplicates
eg:
select deptno from emp union all select deptno from dept;
Example
List all employees in Norway and USA
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway
UNION ALL
SELECT E_Name from Employees_USA
Result
• Hansen, ola
• Svendson, tove
• Svendson, Stephen
• Pattersen, kari
• Turner, sally
• Kent, clark
• Svendson, Stephen
• Scott, Stephen
Joins:
Joins are used to retrieve and manipulate data from more than one table in
a single SELECT statement.
Types:
• inner join
• outer join
• cross join
Inner joins:
• Inner join connect two tables into a third table that includes only the rows
that satisfy the join condition. This type of join returns rows from both
tables only if their related columns match.
• SELECT tablename.columnname, tablename.columnname…. FROM
tablename INNER JOIN tablename on condition
To list only the publishers and their titles:
• SELECT pubname, title FROM books INNER JOIN publishers ON books.pubid
= publishers.pubid
OUTER JOINS
An outer join return all the rows from one table and some rows
from another table. An outer join is only possible between 2
tables. Outer join is used to retain the information that does not
match the query conditions in the results set of a join.
SELECT tablename, columnname, ….
FROM tablename LEFT | RIGHT | FULL
OUTER JOIN tablename
ON
Tablename.columnname join_operator tablename.columnname
Join operator can be,
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>
Types of outer joins
• LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN
LEFT OUTER JOIN:
• Displays all rows from the first table (the table on the left of the expression)
• List all the rows from books table with bcode, title and no.of each title sold.
• SELECT B.bcode, title, qty FROM books B lEFT OUTER JOIN sales s ON b.code
= S. Bcode
RIGHT OUTER JOIN:
• Retrieves all rows from the second table (right table).
• SELECT B.bcode, title, Qty from books B RIGHT OUTER JOIN sales s ON
B.bcode = s.bcode
• Lists all the rows from sales table with book code, book title and number of
each title sold.
FULL OUTER JOIN:
• Retrieves all non-matching rows for both the left side table and the right side
table.
• SELECT B.bcode, title, qty FROM books B FULL OUTER JOIN sales S ON
B.bcode = S.bcode
SELF JOIN
• Joining a table to itself. Joins can also be sued
within a single table. A self join correlates rows of a
table with other rows within that same table. The
compared columns must be the same or compatible
datatype.
• A self-join that returns publishers located in the
same pincode area of Chennai city.
• SELECT p1.pubname, p2.pubname, p2.pcode FROM
publishers p2 ON p1.pcode = p2.pcode WHERE
p1.city = ‘Chennai’ AND p1.pibid < p2.pubid
SUB QUERIES
A SUBQUERY is a SELECT statement nested INSIDE a SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement, or inside another
subquery. A SUBQUERY is a nested query.
Listing those employees whose designation is same as that of
bill:
• SELECT * FROM employee WHERE JOB = (SELECT job from
employee WHERE empname = ‘bill’)
Subquery that select list of values: IN, NOT IN
• SELECT * FROM employee WHERE JOB IN (SELECT job from
employee WHERE detno = 20)
• SELECT empid,empName,Salary from employee WHERE
Salary = (SALARY MIN(Salary) FROM employee)