PHYSICAL

GEOGRAPHY
HYDROSPHERE
Comes from a Greek words (hudor) which means
“water”, and (sphaira) for “globe or ball”.

The word Hydrosphere was introduced by the

Australian geologist Eduard Suess.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/hydrosphere
HYDROSPHERE
A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a
planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on
the surface of the planet, underground, and in the
air.

-Morgan Stanley
Where is Earth’s Water?

https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth
 Explanation of the Graph
 FIRST BAR:  only 2.5% of Earth's water is freshwater - the amount needed for life
to survive.

 MIDDLE BAR: breakdown of freshwater. Almost all of it is locked up in ice and

in the ground. Only a little more than 1.2% of all freshwater is surface water, which
serves most of life's needs.

 RIGHT BAR: breakdown of surface freshwater. Most of this water is locked up in

ice, and another 20.9% is found in lakes. Rivers make up 0.49% of surface
freshwater. Although rivers account for only a small amount of freshwater, this is
where humans get a large portion of their water from.

https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth
FRESH WATER ON THE CONTINENT
 Living beings needs freshwater to survive
 Question: How do we have this seemingly endless supply of freshwater?
 BECAUSE OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

ttps://www.worldatlas.com/the-water-cycle.html
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (WATER CYCLE)

ttps://www.worldatlas.com/the-water-cycle.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
1.EVAPORATION and TRANSPIRATION

 Evaporation. Water from seas, lakes, ground, and other

water sources on the surface turn into gaseous form because
of the sun’s heat.

 Transpiration. Excess water from organic life such as plants

are evaporated into the atmosphere via its small openings
(stomata).

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
2. CONDENSATION

• As temperature decreases with height, the evaporated gaseous

water cools down and turns into tiny water droplets that make
up the clouds.

Question: why don't the liquid droplets fall?

• Because of its small size, it stays suspended in the air due to
the rising warm air pushing it up while it gets dragged down
by gravity.
https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
3. PRECIPITATION

 When the condensed cloud gets too heavy or drops become

too big, the gravitational force pulling it down overwhelms
the force of the rising air.

 In other words, it rains.

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
4. INTERCEPTION

 When precipitated water (rain or snow) does not reach the

ground or soil immediately, and instead reaches vegetation,
leaves, branches

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
4. INFILTRATION

Water enters the small natural passageways between irregularly

shaped soil particles and larger openings.
This water becomes soil water or groundwater.
It occupies the soil water belt (the layer just below the soil
surface in which soil water is contained)

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
 Runoff- when rainwater flows on the surface’s slope towards a
drainage basin or watershed.

 Drainage basin - area where rainwater or melted snow is

headed to by travelling downhill (e,g., oceans, lakes).

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE STEPS
6. PERCOLATION

 Part of the process of infiltration

 happens under the influence of gravity

https://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.html
WATER TABLE SURFACE
The water table is highest under the highest areas of land surface – hilltop
and divides. The water table declines in elevation toward the valleys,
where it appears at the surface close to streams, lakes or marshes. It is an
underground boundary between the soil surface and the area
where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in
rock.
WATER TABLE SURFACE

Underneath the water table is the saturated zone,

where water fills all spaces between sediments. The
unsaturated zone is also called the zone of
aeration due to the presence of oxygen in the soil.
TYPES OF WATER TABLE
 Permanent Water Table – when the water table is stable or static
and never falls below into a particular level and it is not affected by
the seasonal change.

 Temporary Water Table – also known as seasonal water table

because the level of the water changes or not stable and keep
changing due to the season
AQUIFERS
An aquifer is a body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater. 

Ex.: clean, well-sorted sand – such as that found in beaches, dunes, or

stream alluvium – can hold an amount of ground water about equal to
about one-third of its bulk volume.
AQUIFERS

A bed of sandstone is thus often a good aquifer- that is, a layer of

rock or sediment that contains abundant, freely flowing ground water.
In contrast, beds of clay and shale are relatively impermeable and
hold little free water. They are known as aquicludes.
TWO (2) TYPES OF AQUIFERS

Confined
Unconfined
AQUIFERS & WELLS
 BODIES OF WATER

Bodies of water refer to any significant

accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas,
lakes, rivers, and streams.
BODIES OF WATER
 Oceans– Oceans are the biggest bodies of water on earth which cover at
least 71% of the surface of the earth.

 Seas– These can be basically called sub-sections of the oceans. The

coastal reaches of the oceans where they are surrounded by land masses
are known as seas

 Lakes- These are inland bodies of water and found either with freshwater
or saltwater. Lakes are also enclosed by land and some even categorize
the Caspian Sea as a lake. For
BODIES OF WATER

 Rivers and Streams- are basically bodies of water in motion. The water
which flows on the earth’s surface creates rivers and streams.

 Glaciers– are frozen water body.

 WATER POLLUTION & ISSUES
RELATED TO WATER

Water Pollution- is the contamination of water

sources by substances which make the water unusable
for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other
activities
 The Most Common Types of Water
Contamination

1. Agricultural
2. Sewage and wastewater
3. Oil pollution
4. Radioactive substances
Effects of Water Pollution

 On human health

 On the environment
 STATE OF WATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Philippine maritime territorial waters cover about 2.2 million sq km, wherein 267,000
sq km are coastal waters and 1.934 million sq km are oceanic waters within the
exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

 Philippines is known to be rich with natural resources including water. The water
resources includes:

 Inland Fresh Water (rivers, lakes, and groundwater )

 Marine ( bay, coastal, and oceanic waters)
 STATE OF WATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Due to the rapid growth of population, industrialization and modernization in the
Philippines which reduces the quality of water distribution.

 There is a sufficient water but not enough to supply the highly populated areas during dry
season/summer.

 Due to Industrialization, the discharge of wastewater, solid and house hold waste and the
agricultural runoff caused water pollution to the bodies of water in the Philippines.
 STATE OF WATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES
According to monitoring data of the government of the Philippines:
 Just over a third or 36 percent of the country’s river systems are classified as sources
of public water supply:

 Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs

treatment;

 Approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a five-year period were caused by

water-borne sources; and

 Many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season.
 STATE OF WATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution are produced
annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and
industrial (15 percent) sectors. In the four water-critical regions,
water pollution is dominated by domestic and industrial sources.
 STATE OF WATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES

According to UNICEF, that 91% of the country's estimated

100.7 million population have access to at least basic water
services; but access is highly inequitable across the country, with
regional basic water services access ranging from 62% to 100%..
IMPORTANCE OF HYDROSPHERE
 The major importance of the hydrosphere is that water
sustains various life forms and plays an important role in
ecosystems and regulating the atmosphere.

https://byjus.com/physics/importance-of-hydrosphere
 FAST FACT

HYDROSPHERE in Space
Some scientists believe a hydrosphere exists on Europa, a
moon of Jupiter, that consists of a frozen outer layer and a
giant, liquid ocean underneath it.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hydrosphere/
GROUP 3 (HYDROSPHERE)
FORTUNADO, RISSA
LABAGALA, REYV ANGELIQUE
VILLANIL, KAYE
PUA,SHAIRA NICOLE
RAFOLS, RHEA MAE
CAÑETE, ANALOR
GIMONGALA, JANINE
ROM, KRISEL MAE
MORANO, REMALYN
SABALLA, JINKY
ABATAYO, KELSY QUIN