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FG
Sand, pharmaceutical
Coarse > 0.5 µm emulsions & dispersions,
dispersion red blood cells
Micelles
aggregates of amphiphilic molecules
Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc)
concentration above which micelles begin to form
Concentration of surfactant
below the critical micelle
concentration.
Concentration of surfactant
below the critical micelle
concentration.
Concentration of surfactant
below the critical micelle
concentration.
Concentration of surfactant
below the critical micelle
concentration.
nonpolar solute
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091 19
Micellar Solubilization
nonpolar solute
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091 20
Properties of Association Colloids
Magnitude of Surface
Property Tension
critical micelle
concentration
Concentration of Surfactant
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091 21
Classification of Colloidal Systems
Classification Lyophilic Lyophobic Association
(Hydrophilic) (Hydrophobic
Dispersed Single Large collection Collection of
Phase Macro-molecule of ions surfactant
molecules
(micelle)
Interaction with Strong Weak Strong
Dispersion
Medium
Formation Spontaneous Special technique Spontaneous
above cmc.
solution
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091
colloid 26
• The intensity of the scattered light depends on the difference
between the refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium.
What is the effect of each of the following on the rate of
diffusion of a colloid?
– increasing particle size
– increasing temperature
– increasing viscosity of the dispersion medium
V= 2r2 (ρ s- ρ o ) g or V= d2 (ρ s- ρ o ) g
9 18
Charging mechanisms:
Ion dissolution
Ionization
Selective ion adsorption
Electrical double layer
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091 31
Ionization
- due to ionization of surface groups such as COOH on the particles
- charge formation is a function of PH and PK.
Eg, amino acids acquire their charge mainly through the ionization
of carboxyl and amino groups to give -COO- and NH+3
-
I surface is negatively charged
- cations in solution are called
I
- counterions
I
- anions in solution are called
I
- similions (co-ions)
I
-
I
-
I
- -
I Na
+
NO 3
- NO 3
- Na
+
I
Na
+
- Bulk Solution is
- Na
+
Na
+
I
I electrically neutral: equal
-
- - NO 3 +
I Na
+ I Na
concentration of similions &
- + +
counterions
I Na Na
-
NO 3
- -
I Na
+ NO 3
Na
+
+
- + Na
+
I Na Na
- -
I Na
+
NO 3
- NO 3
- Na
+
I +
- Na
+ + Na -
I
Na
I
- Bulk solution contains
- - NO 3 +
I Na
+ I Na
equal concentration
- + + of similions & counterions
I Na Na
-
NO 3
- -
I Na
+ NO 3
Na
+
+
Na
- Na
+
Na
+
I
Tightly bound layer
Double Layer
diffuse layer
"Adsorbed" ions on the surface of the extended crystal.
Diffuse Layer with an excess of counterions to neutralize
surface charge.
Double Layer is electrically neutral.
Colloidal Particle
- Surface Charge
-+ - + -
- - + + -
+ ++ + -
- + +
+- Diffuse Region with excess
- - ++ ++ + - "counterions"
-+ + -
- - -
1. Electrostatic repulsion
2. Steric hindrance
Depends on:
- -
-+ - + - -+ - + -
- - + + - - - + + -
+ + + - + + + -
- + + - + +
+ +- + +-
- - ++ ++ + - - - ++ ++ + -
-+ + - -+ + -
- - - - - -
- -
-+ - + - -+ - + -
- - + + - - - -
+ + - + + ++ -
+ +
- + + - + +
+ +- + +-
- - + + + + + -- - + + + + + -
-+ + - -+ + -
- - - - - -
- -
-+ - + - - - -
- - - + -
- + + - + ++ -
+ + + -
+
- + + + +
+ + -+ +-
- - + + + + + +- + + + + -
-+ + - - + -
- - - - - -
Attractive forces overwhelm repulsive forces.
June 1, 2023 Phar 2091 44
Colloidal Stability and the Diffuse Double Layer
Generally, the larger the diffuse double layer the greater the
repulsive force and the more stable the colloid.
What is the size of the diffuse double layer?
What factors influence the size of the diffuse double layer?