Organization of Data

Grade 11
Statistics
 Organization of data refers
to the arrangement of
figures in such a form that
Organization
comparison of the mass of
of Data similar data may be
facilitated and further
analysis may be possible.
Raw Data
• A mass of data in its original form is called raw data.
It is an unorganized mass of various items
Classification
• Classification is the process of arranging data
into sequences and groups according to their
common characteristics of separating them in to
different but related parts
 • Comprehensiveness: Classification should cover all
the items of the data. It should be so comprehensive
that it classifies all items in some group or class.
• Clarity: There should be no confusion of the
placement of any data item in a group or class. That is,
classification should be clear.
Characteristic • Homogeneity: The items within a specific group or
class should be similar to each other.
s of • Suitability: The attribute according to which
classification classification is done should agree with the purpose of
classification.
• Stability: A particular kind of investigation should be
effected on the same set of classification.
• Elastic (Flexibility): As the purpose of classification
changes, one should be able to change the basis of
classification.
 Basis of classification:
• 1. Chronological classification: In such a classification data
are classified either in ascending or in descending order with
reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks etc.
• 2. Geographical/Spatial classification: The data are classified
with reference to geographical location/place such as countries,
states , cities, districts, block etc.
• 3. Qualitative classification: Data are classified with
reference to descriptive characteristics like sex, caste, religion
literacy etc.
• 4. Quantitative classification: Data are classified on the basis
of some measurable characteristics such as height, age, weight,
income, marks of students
 variable
• A variable is a characteristic which is capable of being
measured and capable of change in its value from time to
time.
• It is of two types.

a) Discrete
b) Continuous
 Discrete and Continuous Variable

Discrete: Discrete variable are those variables that increase in

jumps or in complete numbers and are not fractional. Ex.-number
of student in a class could be 2, 4, 10, 15,, 20, 25, etc. It does not
take any fractional value between them.

Continuous Variable: Variable that assume a range of values or

increase not in jumps but continuously or in fractions are called
continuous variables.
 • A continuous variable can take any numerical
value. It may take integral values (1, 2, 3, 4, ...),
fractional values (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, ...), and values
that are not exact fractions ( =1.414, =1.732, …).
• The height of a student, as he/she grows say from
90 cm to 150 cm, would take all the values in
Discrete and between them. It can take values that are whole
Continuous numbers like 90cm, 100cm, 108cm, 150cm. It
can also take fractional values like 90.85 cm,
Variable 102.34 cm, 149.99cm etc.
• Discrete variable can take only certain values. Its
value changes only by finite “jumps”. It “jumps”
from one value to another but does not take any
intermediate value between them. When value
changes from 25 to 26, the values in between
them — the fractions are not taken into account.
Types of Statistical Series
• Statistical series are of two types
• Individual Series: These are those series in which the items are listed
singly. These series may be presented in two ways
• According to serial numbers
• Ascending or descending order of data
• Frequency Series Frequency series may be of two types
• Discrete Series or Frequency Array: data presented in way that exact
measurement of items are clearly shown. In this series there are no class
intervals and a particular item in the series.
•  Frequency Distribution (A continuous series): Items cannot be exactly
measured. The items assume a range of values and are placed within the
limits is called class interval.
Individual Series
Discrete
Series
continuous
series
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION 

• A frequency distribution is a
comprehensive way to classify raw
data of a quantitative variable. It
shows how different values of a
variable is distributed in different
classes along with their
corresponding class frequencies.
Types of Frequency Distribution

Exclusive Series: It is that series in which every class-interval excludes

items corresponding to its upper limit.

Inclusive Series: An inclusive series is that series which includes all items
upto its upper limit.

Open End Series An open end series is that series in

which lower limit of the first class-interval and the upper limit of last
class- interval is missing like as below – 5, 20 and above
conversion of inclusive series into exclusive series
Cumulative Frequency Series:
Cumulative Frequency Series: It is that series in which the frequencies are
continuously added corresponding to each class-interval in the series.

There are two ways of converting this series into cumulative frequency series

Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of upper class limits of the
class-intervals.

Cumulative frequencies may be expressed on the basis of lower class limits of the
class-intervals.
Terms Matter!
• The class mid-point or class mark is the middle value of a class. It
lies halfway between the lower class limit and the upper class limit of
a class and can be ascertained in the following manner.
Class mid-point = upper class limit + lower class limit / 2.
• Class frequency: It means the number of values in a particular class.
• Class width:- It is the difference between the upper class limit and
lower class limit
Class width = upper class Limit – Lower class Limit
• Class Limits:- There are two ends of a class. The lowest value is
called lower class limit and highest value is called upper class limit.