TAPOVAN INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL

TOPIC- ORGANISATION OF DATA

NAME- MARMIK PATEL
CLASS- 11TH COMMERCE RED
ROLL NO.- 16
ORGANISATION OF DATA

Organization of data refers to the systematic

arrangement of collected figures (raw data),
so that the data becomes easy to understand
and more convenient for further statistical
treatment.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Classification of data is the process of

arranging data into homogeneous (similar)
groups according to their common
characteristics.
OBJECTIVES OF CLASSIFICATION

1. To simplify complex data

2. To facilitate understanding
3. To facilitate comparison
4. To make analysis and interpretation easy.
5. To arrange and put the data according to
their common characteristics.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

1. Geographical Classification
2. Chronological Classification
3. Qualitative Classification
4. Quantitative Classification
GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

●When data are classified with reference

to geographical locations such as
countries, states, cities, districts, etc., it is
known as geographical classification.
●It is also known as ‘spatial
classification’.
CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

● A classification where data are grouped according

to time is known as a chronological classification.
● In such a classification, data are classified either in
ascending or in descending order with reference to
time such as years, quarters, months, weeks, etc.
● It is also known as temporal classification’.
QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION
● Under this classification, data are classified
on the basis of some attributes or qualities like
honesty, beauty, intelligence, literacy, marital
status, etc.
● For example, the population can be divided
on the basis of marital status (as married or
unmarried)
QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION

● This type of classification is made

on the basis of some measurable
characteristics like height, weight, age,
income, marks of students, etc.
CONCEPT OF VARIABLE
 A variable is a characteristic which is capable of being measured
and capable of change in its value from time to time.
1. DISCRETE VARIABLE
● Discrete variable are those variables that increase in jumps or in
complete numbers and are not fractional. Ex.-number of student in a
class could be 2, 4, 10, 15,, 20, 25, etc. It does not take any fractional
value between them.
2. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
● Continuous variables are those variables that can takes any value
i.e. integral value or fractional value in a specified interval. Ex- Wages
of workers in a factory.
 FREQUENCY
 Itrefers to the no . of times a given value appears in a
distribution

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
It is a table in which the frequencies and the
associated values of a variable are written side by side.
 SERIES
1. INDIVIDUAL SERIES
Individual series are those series in which the items are listed singly.
2. DISCRETE SERIES
A discrete series or frequency array is that series in which data are
prescribed in a way that exact measurements of items are clearly
shown. The example in following table illustrates a frequency array.
3. CONTINOUS SERIES
It is that series in which items cannot be exactly measured. The
items assume a range of values and are placed within the range of
limits.
 In constructing continuous series we come across terms
like:
1. CLASS : It means a group of numbers in which items are placed like
so etc.
2. CLASS LIMIT : The lowest and highest values of the variables
within a class is called ' class limit ‘.
3. CLASS INTERVAL : It is difference between the lower limit and
upper limit.
4. RANGE : It is the difference between upper limit and lower limit.
5. MID-POINT : It is the central point of a class – interval.
6. FREQUENCY : It is the number of items falling within a particular
class.
 EXCLUSIVE METHOD
 An exclusive method is a method of classifying observations in
which an observation equal to the upper-class limit of a class is put
in the next class.
 INCLUSIVE METHOD
 When the upper limit of the class is included in the same class itself,
it is called inclusive method. It is suitable for discrete variables. In
this, class interval does not overlap.
 OPEN ENDED CLASSES
 It simply means that the lower limit of the first class is not given or
the upper limit of the last class is not given or both of them are not
given.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY SERIES
 The cumulative frequency is the total of frequencies, in which the
frequency of the first class interval is added to the frequency of the
second class interval and then the sum is added to the frequency of
the third class interval and so on.
1. ‘LESS THAN’ Cumulative Frequency
● The frequencies of each class-interval are added successively.
2. ‘MORE THAN’ Cumulative Frequency
● The more than cumulative frequency is also known as the greater
than type cumulative frequency. Here, the greater than cumulative
frequency distribution is obtained by determining the cumulative total
frequencies starting from the highest class to the lowest class.
LESS THAN FREQUENCY MORE THAN FREQUENCY
TEACHER’S REMARK-

TEACHER’S SIGN-