Professional Documents
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To make informed decisions about a company
Helpful in managing the company
Comparison with competition
Charting a company’s progress, measure
performance
Establish financial health
Used for investment decisions
Generally based on comparative financial data
From one year to the next
With a competing company
With the industry as a whole.
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Three main ways to analyze financial statements
Horizontal analysis
Year-to-year comparison
Vertical analysis
Compare different companies
Using industry averages
Compare company’s performance against the
industry averages
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1
Perform a horizontal analysis of financial
statements
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The study of percentage changes in comparative
statements
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Step 1
Step 2
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Form of horizontal analysis
Indicates business direction
How have things changed over the years?
Select a period of three to five years
Base year, earliest year, is selected and set equal
to 100%
Subsequent years expressed as a percentage of
the base period
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Data for Mariner Designs, Inc., follow:
MARINER DESIGNS, INC.
Comparative Income Statement
Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
2011 2012
Net sales revenue $ 431,000 $ 372,350
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold $ 200,000 $ 187,550
Selling and general expenses 99,000 91,050
Other expense 8,350 6,850
Total expenses $ 307,350 $ 285,450
Net income $ 123,650 $ 86,900
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2
Perform a vertical analysis of financial statements
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Shows relationship of each item to a base
amount on financial statements
Income statement–each item expressed as
percentage of net sales
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Base amount
Percentage
of base
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Tri-State Optical Company reported the following amounts on its
balance sheet at December 31, 2012 and 2011:
2012 2011
Cash and receivables $ 54,530 $ 46,860
Inventory 42,435 32,670
Property, plant, and equipment, net 108,035 85,470
Total assets $ 205,000 $ 165,000
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Common-size statements compare one company
to another
Report only percentages (same as vertical analysis)
Remove dollar value bias
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Comparing a company with another leading
company
Two main types:
Against a key competitor
Against the industry average
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4
Compute and evaluate the standard financial ratios
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No single ratio tells the whole picture
Different ratios explain different aspects
Types:
Evaluating ability to pay current liabilities
Evaluating ability to sell inventory and collect
receivables
Evaluating ability to pay long-term debt
Evaluating profitability
Evaluating stock as an investment
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Working capital
Measures ability to meet short-term obligations
Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
Current ratio
Proportion of current assets to current liabilities
Current assets
Current ratio = Current liabilities
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Days in inventory ratio
Measures the average number of days inventory is
held by the company
Formula
365 days
Days in inventory =
Inventory turnover ratio
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Gross profit percentage
Measures the profitability of each net sales dollar
Formula
Gross profit
Gross profit percentage =
Net sales
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Accounts receivable turnover ratio
Measures ability to collect cash from credit
customers
Formula
Net credit sales
Accounts receivable turnover =
Average net accounts receivable
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Days’ sales in receivables ratio
Measures ability to collect receivables
Formula
Days’ sales in 365 days
average accounts = Accounts receivable
receivable turnover ratio
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Debt ratio
Shows portion of assets financed with debt
The higher the ratio, the higher the risk
Formula
Debt ratio = Total liabilities
Total assets
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Times-interest-earned ratio
Measures number of times income can cover
interest expense
High ratio indicates ease in paying interest
Formula
Times-interest Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
=
earned ratio Interest expense
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Return on net sales
Percent of each sales dollar earned as net income
Formula
Rate of return Net income
=
on net sales Net sales
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Return on total assets
Measures success in using assets to earn a profit
Formula
Rate of return Net income + Interest expense
=
on total assets Average total assets
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Asset turnover ratio
Measures the amount of net sales generated for
each average dollar of total assets invested
Formula
Net sales
Asset turnover ratio =
Average total assets
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Return on common stockholders’ equity
How much income is earned for each dollar
invested by common shareholders
Formula
Rate of return on common Net income – Preferred dividends
=
stockholders’ equity Average common stockholders’
equity
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Trading on the equity
Company borrows at a lower rate, then invests the
money to earn a higher rate
Return on Equity > Return on Assets
Increases profits during goods times
Compounds losses during bad times
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Earnings per share
Net income earned for each share of outstanding
common stock
Outstanding stock = Issued stock – Treasury stock
Formula
Net income – Preferred Dividends
Earnings per share
= Number of shares of
of common stock
common stock outstanding
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Price/earnings ratio (P/E)
Market price compared to earnings per share
Formula
P/E ratio = Market price per share of common stock
Earnings per share
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Dividend yield
Percentage of market value that is returned as
dividends
Formula
Dividend yield on Annual dividends per share of common stock
=
common stock Market price per share of common stock
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Dividend Payout
The ratio of annual dividends declared relative to
the earnings per share of the company
Formula
Annual dividends per share
Dividend Payout =
Earnings per share
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Book value
Common equity per share
Some argue its relevance to investors
Formula
Book value per share Total stockholders’ equity – Preferred equity
=
of common stock Number of shares of common stock
outstanding
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Win’s Companies, a home improvement store chain, reported the
following summarized figures:
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(Continued)
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Use the Win’s Companies data in Short Exercise 4-5 to
complete the following requirements.
1.Compute the rate of inventory turnover, days in inventory,
and gross profit percentage for 2012.
Cost of goods sold
Inventory turnover =
Average inventory
$ 28,400,000/($6,900,000 + $8,200,000)/2 = 3.76
365 days
Days in inventory =
Inventory turnover ratio
365/3.76 = 97 days
Gross profit
Gross profit percentage =
Net sales
$21,800,000/$50,200,000 = 43.4 %
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(Continued)
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Use the financial statements of Win’s Companies in Short Exercise
4-5.
1.Compute the debt ratio and the debt to equity ratio at May 31,
2012.
Debt ratio = Total liabilities
Total assets
$ 45,300,000 / $ 88,300,000 = 51.3
Total liabilities
Debt to equity =
Total equity
$ 45,300,000 / $ 43,000,000 = 1.05
2. Is Win’s ability to pay its liabilities strong or weak? Explain your
reasoning.
The company’s ability to pay its liabilities
is strong since the debt ratio is low.
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Use the financial statements of Win’s Companies in Short Exercise
4-5 to complete the following profitability measures for 2012.
1. Compute the rate of return on net sales.
Rate of return = Net income
on net sales Net sales
$ 4,500,000 / $ 50,200,000 = 30.9%
2. Compute the rate of return on total assets.
Rate of return Net income + Interest expense
=
on total assets Average total assets
$ 4,500,000 + 500,000 / ($ 88,300,000 + $ 51,200,000)/2 = 22.9%
3. Compute the asset turnover ratio.
Net sales
Asset turnover ratio =
Average total assets
$ 50,200,000 / ($ 88,300,000 + $ 51,200,000)/2 = 0.72
50
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Use the financial statements of Win’s Companies in Short Exercise
4-5. Win’s has 500,000 common shares outstanding during 2012.
1.Compute earnings per share (EPS) for Win’s. Round to the nearest
cent.
Earnings per share = Net income – Preferred Dividends
of common stock Number of shares of
common stock outstanding
$ 4,500,000 – 0/500,000 = $31.00
2. Compute Win’s Companies’ price/earnings ratio. The market
price per share of Win’s stock is $68.50.
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Analysts look for red flags that may signal
financial trouble
Recent accounting scandals highlight the
importance of:
Movement of sales, inventory, and receivables
Earnings problems
Decreased cash flow
Too much debt
Inability to collect receivables
Buildup of inventory
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Horizontal analysis allows a company to see the
percentage change from one year to the next.
Trend analysis can show the percentage change
from a base year forward to determine whether the
trend in net sales, for example, is positive or
negative.
Vertical analysis shows the relationship of each item
on the statement to a base amount. The base amount
is net sales on the income statement and total assets
on the balance sheet. All other items are reported as
a percentage of the 100% net sales line on the
income statement or the 100% total assets line on
the balance sheet.
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Vertical analysis can be used to prepare
common-size statements to compare companies
against each other. We can benchmark (measure)
a company against a key competitor or measure
a company against the industry average.
Ratio analysis is used to analyze financial
statement data. Ratios provide information about
a company’s performance and are best used to
measure a company against other firms in the
same industry and to denote trends within the
company.
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Ratios tell users about a company’s liquidity,
solvency, profitability, and asset management.
No one ratio can provide the whole picture a
decision maker needs.
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