PERIODIC TRENDS

Periodic Trends
 ATOMIC RADIUS
 IONIZATION ENERGY (IE)
 METALLIC PROPERTIES
 Electron Affinity (EA)
 Electronegativity
 Periodic trends
 arise from the arrangement of the elements on
the periodic table.
 provide chemists with an invaluable tool
 Exist because of similar atomic structure of
elements within their respective group,
families or periods.
 ATOMIC RADIUS

 diameter of an atom ranges

from 1.4 x 10 -10 to 5.7 x 10 -10
m
 radius of an atom ranges
from 7.0 x 10 -11 to 2.9 x 10 -10
m
 unit used to express the
measurement of an atom is
 angstrom (Å)
 1 Å = 1.0 x 10 -10 m
 picometer (pm),
 1pm = 10 -12 m
 increase from top to bottom
and decreases from left to
right .
 IONIZATION ENERGY (IE)
 energy required to remove an
electron from isolated gaseous
atom or ion in its ground state.
 endothermic process
 energy required to remove the
electron from the atom
depends on how strongly the
electron is attached to the
nucleus.
 first ionization energy
 second ionization energy
 increases from bottom to top
and left to right.
 Electron Affinity (EA)
 energy released when an
incoming electron is finally
added to an isolated atom or
neutral atom in its ground state.
 exothermic process
 depends upon the electron
configuration of the elements
 noble gases have zero electron
affinity.
 The greater the tendency of an
atom to accept electron, the
more negative the electron
affinity is.
 smaller (more negative) from
left to right across a period in
the periodic table, and become
larger (less negative) from top to
bottom
 Electronegativity
 attractive force of an atom for
shared pair of electrons
 The greater the
electronegativity the, greater
the attraction for electrons
 Electronegativity depends on
the following:
 the number of shells
shielding the nucleus from
the outer-shell electrons
 charge of the nucleus
 the distance of the outer
electrons from the nucleus.
 increases from left to right
across the period in the
periodic table