2017

Worksheet
“Characteristic Periodic Table of
Elements”

Name :.....................................

Class :....................................
A. Basic Competence and Indicator :
3.4 Analyze relationship between configuration of electron and orbital diagram to
determine the location of elements in periodic table and characteristic periodic table
of elements.
Indicator :
3.4.1 Define characteristic periodic table of elements (atomic radius, ionization
energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity) in one period and group
Learning Objectives :

3.4.1.1 Student can identificate characteristic periodic table of elements (atomic

radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity) in one
period and group
Indicator :
3.4.2 Analyze relationship between electron configuration and orbital diagram using
the characteristic periodic table of elements (atomic radius, ionization energy,
electron affinity, and electronegativity).
Learning Objectives :

3.4.2.1 Student can determine correct order of atomic radius and electron affinity in
one period or group based on electron configuration and electron diagram
correctly
3.4.2.2 Student can distinguish between ionization energy and electronegativity in
one period or group based on data that is given correctly
3.4.2.3 Student can evaluate electronegativity of element base on data that is given
correcctly

4.4 Present analysis result of relationship between electron configuration and orbital
diagram to determine the location of elements in periodic table and characteristic
periodic table of elements
Indicator :
4.4.1 Design a chart from analysis result of relationship characteristic periodic table
of element.
Learning Objectives :

4.4.1.1 Student can make a diagram analysis result the relationship between
characteristic periodic table of elements based on data that is given correctly.

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B. Learning Material
These periodic trends are based on the Periodic Law which states that if
the chemical elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, many of their
properties go through cyclical changes, with elements of similar properties recurring
at intervals. For example, after arranging elements in their increasing atomic numbers,
many of the physical and chemical properties of Lithium are recurred
into Sodium such as its vigorous reactivity with water, which again recurs in the next
cycle starting with Potassium.

This principle was discovered after number of investigations done by scientists

in nineteenth century such as Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev. Initially, no
theoretical explanation for the Periodic Law was available and it was used only as an
empirical principle. But, with the development of electronic theory of atomic
structure, it became possible to understand the theoretical basis for the Periodic Law.
From the modern periodic table, it is evident that the periodic recurrence of elements
with similar physical and chemical properties, when the elements are listed in order of
increasing atomic number, results directly from the periodic recurrence of similar
electronic configurations in the outer shells of respective atoms.

Discovery of Periodic Law constitutes one of the most singularly important

events in the history of chemical science. Almost every chemist makes extensive and
continued use of Periodic Law. Periodic Law also led to the development of
the periodic table, which is widely used nowadays.

The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost
stable electron orbital in an atom that is at equilibrium. The atomic radius tend to
decrease across a period from left to right. The atomic radius usually increases while
going down a group due to the addition of a new energy level (shell). However,
atomic radii tend to increase diagonally, since the number of electrons has a larger
effect than the sizeable nucleus. For example, lithium (145 picometer) has a smaller
atomic radius than magnesium (150 picometer).

Atomic radius can be further specified as:

 Covalent radius: half the distance between two atoms of a diatomic compound,
singly bonded.
 Van der Waals radius: half the distance between the nuclei of atoms of
different molecules in a lattice of covalent molecules.
 Metallic radius: half the distance between two adjacent nuclei of atoms in a
metallic lattice.
 Ionic radius: half the distance between two nuclei

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 The ionization potential is the minimum amount of energy required to
remove one electron from each atom in a mole of atoms in the gaseous state. The first
ionization energy is the energy required to remove two, the ionization energy is the
energy required to remove the atom's nth electron, after the (n−1) electrons before it
has been removed. Trend-wise, ionization energy tends to increase while one
progresses across a period because the greater number of protons (higher nuclear
charge) attract the orbiting electrons more strongly, thereby increasing the energy
required to remove one of the electrons. Ionization energy and ionization potentials
are completely different. The potential is an intensive property and it is measured by
"volt"; whereas the energy is an extensive property expressed by "eV" or "kJ/mole".

As one progresses down a group on the periodic table, the ionization energy
will likely decrease since the valence electrons are farther away from the nucleus and
experience a weaker attraction to the nucleus's positive charge. There will be an
increase of ionization energy from left to right of a given period and a decrease from
top to bottom. As a rule, it requires far less energy to remove an outer-shell electron
than an inner-shell electron. As a result, the ionization energies for a given element
will increase steadily within a given shell, and when starting on the next shell down
will show a drastic jump in ionization energy. Simply put, the lower the principal
quantum number, the higher the ionization energy for the electrons within that shell.
The exceptions are the elements in the boron and oxygen family, which require
slightly less energy than the general trend.

The electron affinity of an atom can be described either as the energy gained
by an atom when an electron is added to it, or conversely as the energy required to
detach an electron from a singly charged anion. The sign of the electron affinity can
be quite confusing, as atoms that become more stable with the addition of an electron
(and so are considered to have a higher electron affinity) show a decrease in potential
energy; i.e. the energy gained by the atom appears to be negative. For atoms that
become less stable upon gaining an electron, potential energy increases, which implies
that the atom gains energy. In such a case, the atom's electron affinity value is
positive. Consequently, atoms with a more negative electron affinity value are
considered to have a higher electron affinity (they are more receptive to gaining
electrons), and vice versa. However, in the reverse scenario where electron affinity is
defined as the energy required to detach an electron from an anion, the energy value
obtained will be of the same magnitude but have the opposite sign. This is because
those atoms with a high electron affinity are less inclined to give up an electron, and
so take more energy to remove the electron from the atom. In this case, the atom with
the more positive energy value has the higher electron affinity. As one progresses
from left to right across a period, the electron affinity will increase. Although it may
seem that Fluorine should have the greatest electron affinity, the small size of fluorine
generates enough repulsion that Chlorine has the greatest electron affinity.

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 Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract
pairs of electrons in the context of a chemical bond. The type of bond formed is
largely determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved,
using the Pauling scale. Trend-wise, as one moves from left to right across a period in
the periodic table, the electronegativity increases due to the stronger attraction that the
atoms obtain as the nuclear charge increases. Moving down in a group, the
electronegativity decreases due to the longer distance between the nucleus and the
valence electron shell, thereby decreasing the attraction, making the atom have less of
an attraction for electrons or protons. However, in the group 13 elements
electronegativity increases from aluminium to thallium, and in group 14
electronegativity of lead is lower than that of tin.

Source : Chemistry Library Text

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C. Exercise

1. Identify the characteristic periodic table of elements in a period and group

based on :
a. Atomic radius
Answer:
 In a group, shell or orbit of electron is increase. Increasing orbit or shell
of electron can cause volume of atom expand. So the atomic radius from
top to bottom in a group is increasing
 In a period, shell or orbit of electron is same but the amount of proton in
nucleus atom increase. Increasing proton in nucleus, it can cause nucleus
attract valence electron stronger then volume of atom smaller .So the
atomic radius from left to right in a period is decreasing

b. Ionization energy
Answer:
 In a group, atomic radius is increasing so the bond between nucleus and
the outer electron is getting weak and then energy that needed to release
outer electron become smaller. So the ionization energy from top to
bottom in a group decreasing
 In a period, atomic radius is decreasing so the bond between nucleus and
the outer electron is stronger and then energy that needed to release
outer electron become bigger. So the ionization energy from left to right
in a period increasing

c. Electron affinity
Answer:
 In a group, atomic radius is increasing so the bond between nucleus and
the outer electron is getting weak, and then atom is difficult to attract
electron. So the electron affinity from top to bottom in a group
decreasing

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  In a period, atomic radius is decreasing so the bond between nucleus and
the outer electron is stronger and then atom can easily to attract
electron. So electron affinity from left to right in a period increasing

d. Electronegativity
Answer:
 In a group, the attraction force of between nucleus and electron is getting
weak. Then, the elements in bottom of periodic table tend to release
electron. So, electronegativity from top to bottom in a group decreasing
 In a period, the attraction force of between nucleus and electron is
getting stronger. Then, the element in right of periodic table tent to
attract lectron. So, electronegativity from left to right in a period
increasing

2. Determine the correct order based on increasing the atomic radius from this
elements : 7N; 9F; 12Mg; and 15P
Answer :
 : 1s2 2s2 2p3
7N

from the configuration N is in period: 2 and group: 5

 : 1s2 2s2 2p5
9F

from the configuration F is in period: 2 and group: 7

 12Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
from the configuration Mg is in period: 3 and group: 2
 15P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
from the configuration P is in period: 3 and group: 5
So, radius atomic increasing (Mg > P > N > F) because using the concept in a
group from top to bottom is increasing then in a period from left to right is
decreasing.

3. Evaluate this elements: 19K, 20Ca, 31Ga, and 36Kr which is the element that have
a. Highest electronegativity
 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
19K

from the configuration K is in period: 4 and group: 1

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  20Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
from the configuration Ca is in period: 4 and group: 2
 31Ga = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
from the configuration Ga is in period: 4 and group: 3
 36Kr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
from the configuration Ga is in period: 4 and group: 8
Because they are in same period, in a period from left to right is increasing. So the
element that has highest electronegativity is Kr because position of Kr in periodic
table is most right.

b. Lowest electronegativity
 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
19K

from the configuration K is in period: 4 and group: 1

 20Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

from the configuration Ca is in period: 4 and group: 2
 31Ga = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
from the configuration Ga is in period: 4 and group: 3
 36Kr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
from the configuration Ga is in period: 4 and group: 8
Because they are in same period, in a period from right to left is decreasing. So the
element that has lowest electronegativity is K because position of K in periodic table
is most left.

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D. TASK

Draw a periodic table then give arrow around the periodic to show the characteristic of
periodic table of element (atomic radius, electronegativity, electron affinity, ionization
energy)

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 References

Scerri, E. R. (2011). The Periodic Table. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Sudarmo, U. (2013). Kimia untuk SMA kelas X SMA/MA. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Watoni, H. (2013). Kimia SMA kelas X Peminatan. Bandung: Yrama Widya.

Wulfsberg, G. (2000). Inorganic Chemistry. California: University Science Book.