Q1.

What is the percentage atom economy for the production of ethanol from glucose?

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

A 25.6%

B 27.1%

C 51.1%

D 54.2%

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
The equation for the hydrogenation of ethyne is

C2H2 + 2H2 ⟶ C2H6

The experimental yield is 65.0%.

What is the mass in grams of ethane that can be produced from 16.20 g of hydrogen?

A 42.53 g

B 78.98 g

C 121.5 g

D 527.7 g

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
What is the percentage yield when 20 g of aluminium are produced from 50 g of
aluminium oxide?

2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2

A 76%

B 40%

C 33%

D 19%

Page 1 of 15
 (Total 1 mark)

Q4.
This question is about two experiments on gases.

(a) In the first experiment, liquid Y is injected into a sealed flask under vacuum. The
liquid vaporises in the flask.
The table below shows data for this experiment.

Mass of Y 717 mg

Temperature 297 K

Volume of flask 482 cm3

Pressure inside
51.0 kPa
flask

Calculate the relative molecular mass of Y.

Show your working.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Relative molecular mass of Y ____________________

(5)

(b) In the second experiment, another flask is used for a combustion reaction.

Method

• Remove all the air from the flask.

• Add 0.0010 mol of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (C8H18) to the flask.
• Add 0.0200 mol of oxygen to the flask.
• Spark the mixture to ensure complete combustion.
• Cool the mixture to the original temperature.

The equation is

C8H18(g) + 12 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of gas in the flask after the reaction.

Page 2 of 15
 Amount of gas ______________________________ mol
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
This question is about gas volumes.

(a) TNT (C7H5N3O6) is an explosive because it can decompose very quickly and
exothermically to form a large volume of gas. An equation for this decomposition is

2 C7H5N3O6(s) → 3 N2(g) + 5 H2(g) + 12 CO(g) + 2 C(s)

Calculate the volume of gas, in m3, measured at 1250 °C and 101 000 Pa, produced
by the decomposition of 1.00 kg of TNT (Mr = 227.0).

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

Volume of gas ____________________ m3

(5)

(b) Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n

When alkenes undergo complete combustion, 1.0 mol of CnH2n reacts with mol of
oxygen.

Calculate the volume of oxygen needed for the complete combustion of 200 cm3 of
but-1-ene.

The volumes of all gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.

Page 3 of 15
 Volume of oxygen _______________ cm3
(1)

(c) Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2

Alkanes undergo complete combustion in a plentiful supply of oxygen.

CnH2n+2 + x O2 → n CO2 + (n+1) H2O

Determine x in terms of n

x _______________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.
This question is about a volatile liquid, A.

(a) A student does an experiment to determine the relative molecular mass (Mr) of liquid
A using the apparatus shown in the figure below.

The student injects a sample of A into a gas syringe in an oven.

At the temperature of the oven, liquid A vaporises.

The table shows the student’s results.

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents

11.295 g
before injecting

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents

10.835 g
after injecting

Page 4 of 15
 Volume reading on gas syringe before
0.0 cm3
injecting

Volume reading on gas syringe after injecting 178.0 cm3

Pressure of gas in syringe 100 kPa

Temperature of oven 120 °C

Calculate the Mr of A.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Mr _______________
(4)

(b) The student noticed that some of the liquid injected into the gas syringe did not
vaporise.

Explain the effect that this has on the Mr calculated by the student.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The table is repeated here.

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents

11.295 g
before injecting

Mass of fine needle syringe and contents

10.835 g
after injecting

Volume reading on gas syringe before

0.0 cm3
injecting

Page 5 of 15
 Volume reading on gas syringe after injecting 178.0 cm3

Pressure of gas in syringe 100 kPa

Temperature of oven 120 °C

(c) Each reading on the balance used to record the mass of the fine needle syringe and
contents had an uncertainty of ±0.001 g

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the mass of liquid A injected in this

experiment.

Percentage uncertainty _______________

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q7.
A sample of bromine was analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer and found
to contain two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br

After electron impact ionisation, all of the ions were accelerated to the same kinetic
energy (KE) and then travelled through a flight tube that was 0.950 m long.

(a) The 79Br+ ions took 6.69 × 10–4 s to travel through the flight tube.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of one ion of 79Br+

Calculate the time taken for the 81Br+ ions to travel through the same flight tube.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)

where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)

Page 6 of 15
 Mass of one ion of 79Br+ ____________________ kg

Time taken by 81Br+ ions ____________________ s

(5)

(b) Explain how ions are detected and relative abundance is measured in a TOF mass
spectrometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q8.
Calcium sulfide reacts with calcium sulfate as shown.

CaS + 3 CaSO4 → 4 CaO + 4 SO2

2.50 g of calcium sulfide are heated with 9.85 g of calcium sulfate until there is no further
reaction.

Show that calcium sulfate is the limiting reagent in this reaction.

Calculate the mass, in g, of sulfur dioxide formed.

Mr (CaS) = 72.2
Mr (CaSO4) = 136.2

Page 7 of 15
 Mass of sulfur dioxide ____________________ g
(Total 5 marks)

Q9.
This question is about time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry.

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A sample of krypton is ionised using electron impact.

The mass spectrum of this sample of krypton has four peaks.

The table shows data from this spectrum.

m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative intensity 6 1 28 8

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this sample of krypton.

Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

Ar _______________
(2)

(c) In a TOF mass spectrometer, ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).

The kinetic energy of an ion is given by the equation

Page 8 of 15
Where:
KE = kinetic energy / J
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1

In a TOF mass spectrometer, each 84Kr+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of

4.83 × 10−16 J and the time of flight is 1.72 × 10−5 s

Calculate the length, in metres, of the TOF flight tube.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

Length of flight tube _______________ m

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 9 of 15
Mark schemes

Q1.
C
51.1%
[1]

Q2.
B
[1]

Q3.
A
[1]

Q4.
(a) METHOD 1

Stage 1

M1
1

M2 converting P to 51.0 x 103, V to 482 x 10–6

1

M3
1

Stage 2

M4 converting mass to 0.717

1

M5 Mr = 72.0 (at least 2 sf)

1

METHOD 2

M1

M2

M3 converting P to 51.0 x 103, V to 482 x 10–6

M4 converting mass to 0.717

Page 10 of 15
 M5 Mr = = 72.0 (at least 2 sf)
Both methods:
72.0 can be achieved with incorrect working and may not
score because individual steps need to be assessed as
correct
72.0 with no working scores no marks
If expression not written out, M1 could score from a
substituted correct expression later on (even if any unit
conversions are incorrect)
METHOD 1
• ECF from M2 to M3
• ECF from M3 to M4
• ECF from M4 to M5
• Ignore units for M3
METHOD 2
• ECF from M3 to M4
• ECF from M2 to M4
• ECF from M4 to M5

(b) M1 amount of CO2 formed in flask = 0.008 mol

Allow ECF from M1 to M2
1

M2 amount of gas in flask

= 0.0075 (O2) + 0.0080 (M1) = 0.0155 mol

1
[7]

Q5.
(a) M1 amount of TNT = (= 4.41 mol)
1

M2 amount of gases formed = 10 × M1 (= 44.1 mol)

1

M3 V=
1

M4 V = converting T to 1523 (K) (or 273 + 1250)

1

M5 V= = 5.52 (m3) range 5.5(1) tp 5.53 (m3)

1
Final answer should be at least 2sf
Correct final answer scores 5 marks
Allow ECF from M1 to M2, M2 to M5, M4 to M5 and M3 to
M5
0.552 (m3) for using 4.41 mol in M5 scores 4 marks (loses
M2)

Page 11 of 15
 4.54 (m3) for using 1250 K scores 4 marks (loses M4)
3.54 (m3) for using (1250 − 273) K scores 4 marks (loses
M4)
0.18 (m3) for inverted expression scores 4 marks (loses M3
or M5)
M3 can score from a substituted expression

(b) 1200 (cm3)

200 × where n = 4 200 ×

1

(c)
1.5n + 0.5

allow other correct expressions (e.g. n + )

1
[7]

Q6.
(a) M1 n = pV / RT
M1 for rearrangement

M2
M2 for three unit conversions

M3 n = 5.45 × 10−3 mol

Mr = mass/mol or 0.460 / 5.45 × 10−3

M3 for calculating the amount in moles of A

M4 Mr = 84.4 Answer must be to 3 sig.fig.

M4: 0.460 / M3 given to 3sf
4

(b) Calculated Mr value would be greater than actual

Mr = mass / moles so dividing by too small a value of moles
gives a larger Mr than expected.
1

A lower volume would have been recorded / mass evaporated less than mass of
liquid / lower moles calculated / mass recorded higher than mass of gas / mass
recorded would be too high
M2 dependent on correct M1
1

(c) % uncertainty = (uncertainty / mass added) x 100

= ((2 x 0.001) / 0.460} x 100 = 0.435%

1
[7]

Page 12 of 15
Q7.
(a) = 79 / (1000 × 6.022 × 1023) = 1.31 × 10–25 kg
1

Then either follow method 1 (or method 2 below)

Do not mix and match methods

Method 1

= 0.950 / 6.69 × 10–4

= 1420 ms–1
In method 1, M2 can be awarded in M3
1

KE = ½ mv2

= ½ × 1.312 × 10–25 × (1420)2

= 1.32 × 10–19 J
Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of
79 etc.
1

V81 =

= √ 1.963 × 106

= 1.40 × 103 ms–1

(allow 1.398 × 103 - 1.402 × 103)

Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of
81 etc.
1

= 6.80 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1

Method 2

m1(d/t1)2 = m2 (d/t1)2
or
m1 / t12 = m2 / t22
1

t22 = t12 (m2/m1)

Or
t22 = (6.69 × 10–4)2 × (81/79)
1

Page 13 of 15
 t22 = 4.59 × 10–7
Mark consequential to their M3
1

t = 6.77 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1

(b) ion hits the detector / negative plate and gains an electron
1
Not positive plate

(relative) abundance is proportional to (the size of) the current

1
[7]

Q8.

amount of CaS = = 0.0346 mol

M1: amount of CaS
1

amount of CaSO4 = = 0.0723 mol

M2: amount of CaSO4
1

3 mol of CaSO4 needed for each mol of CaS, and n(CaSO4) is not 3 × n(CaO)
(so CaSO4 is the limiting reagent)
M3: limiting reagent justification
1

n(SO2) = n(CaSO4) × = 0.0964 mol

M4: moles of CaSO4 × 4/3
1

mass of SO2 = n(SO2) × 64.1 = 6.18g

M5: M4 × 64.1

If CaS used as limiting reagent then allow M4 and M5 ecf.

Must look for M1 and M3
1
[5]

Q9.
(a) The average mass of an atom of an element
(Weighted) average mass of all isotopes of an element
1

Compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

1

Page 14 of 15
(b) R.A.M. =
M1 for working
1

= 3615 / 43
= 84.1
M2 for answer to 1 decimal place 36.2 scores 1/2
1

(c) M1 m = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)

Alternative method
M1: m = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)

M2 v2 = 2ke/m = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) / (1.395 x 10-25)

M2: d2 = 2 ke t2/m

M3 v = √(6924731183) = 83214.97
M3: d2 = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) x (1.73 x 10–5)2 / 1.395 x 10-25 d2 =
2.07

M4 d = v x t = 83214.97 x 1.72 × 10−5 = 1.43 (m)

M4 = 1.44 (m)
Allow answers in range 1.43 – 1.44 m
If m not converted to kg, then d = 0.045 m for max 3
4
[8]

Page 15 of 15