SELF LEARNING

MODULE IN
CHEMISTRY I
First Quarter-WEEK 7-8

i
 Module 6
Gases II
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding of the mathematical relationship
between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. It also tackles the partial pressures
of a gas and its quantitative relationships of the reactants and products in a gaseous reaction
and behaviour and properties of gases at the molecular level

This module has two (2) lessons:

 Lesson 1: Gas Stoichiometry
 Lesson 2: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts (volume, number of

moles, or mass) of gaseous reactants and products (STEM_GC11GS-Ii-j-48)
2. Relate the rate of gas effusion with molar mass (STEM_GC11KMT-Ij-50)
_

ii
 Lesson Gas Stoichiometry
1
What I Need to Know

Gases are everywhere. We interact with gases in our day to day life. The air we
breathe, the fire that cooks our food, the formation of our ozone layer, and even the
engines that powers our cars deal with gaseous reactions.

In this lesson, you will learn the quantitative relationships of the reactants and
products in a gaseous reaction. We will also be tackling how gases interact to form
products and its impact on its pressure and volume. You will also learn how to
determine the amount of gaseous reactants or products using the principles of
stoichiometry.

What’s New

Balancing Equations. Using your previous knowledge on balancing equations, put

the appropriate coefficients in the following reactions below.

1. C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. CO + O2 CO2
3. H2NCONH2 + H2O NH3 + CO2
4. N2 + H2 NH3
5. H2 + O2 H2O

1
 What Is It

In every chemical reaction, there is a certain ratio of the components that must
be available in order for the reaction to proceed. This ratio is called the stoichiometric
ratio. The stoichiometric ratio dictate how much reactants are needed in order to
create the desired products. We can see this as a ‘recipe’ for the reaction except that
the ‘recipe’ come in an equation with coefficients telling us how much of each
component is needed rather than having cups and teaspoons and a whole bunch of
instructions in it.

Similarly, gases that participate in a gaseous reaction follow the same principle.
However, quantifying the exact amount of product that a gaseous reaction produce is
not as easy as reactions that yield solid or liquid products which are simpler to
measure and contain. Gases, as defined, is a state of matter with no definite shape
and volume, so how can people tell how much product is formed?

The answer is using the ideal gas equation.

Gaseous reactions are often measured at a certain condition called the

standard temperature and pressure (STP) which is at a temperature of 0°C (273 K)
and a pressure of 1 atm. In these conditions, the reaction proceeds such that the
volume changes which is then measurable. Rearranging the ideal gas equation
PV=nRT, we get this expression:

𝑃𝑉
𝑛=
𝑅𝑇

Substituting the STP values in the equation, we can infer that the amount of
gaseous products is equal to:
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃
𝑛= =
0.0821 × 273𝐾 22.4

…where VSTP is the volume of the gases involved measured at STP in litres (L).

A perfect example for this kind of calculation is the reaction in an airbag. An

airbag is a safety device that is used in cars to cushion the passenger in a car crash.
Upon impact, a solid reactant is triggered to form a gas which then inflates the bag
that cushions the passenger.

2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)

The expansion of the airbag can then be measured which can be used to
determine the amount of gaseous products formed. Let’s say that our airbag has an
average volume of 60 litres and the volume occupied by the solid sodium is negligible.
Assuming that the airbag’s volume was measured at STP, we can determine the
amount of nitrogen gas produced by the reaction.
2
 Substituting that into the equation:
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 60 𝐿
𝑛= = = 2.68 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
22.4 22.4
This means that for every 60 litres of airbag that is inflated, there are 2.68 mol
of nitrogen gas produced by the reaction.

Gases are also measured at another standard condition called as Standard

Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) which is a more attainable set of
conditions than the STP which is at 25°C (298 K) and 1 atm. Substituting the values
for SATP in the ideal gas equation, this yields:
𝑃𝑉 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 𝑉𝑆𝐴𝑇𝑃 𝑉
𝑛= = = 𝑆𝐴𝑇𝑃
𝑅𝑇 0.0821 × 298 𝐾 24.5

This equation can be used when determining the amount of gaseous products
in moles measured at SATP.

What’s More

Directions: Put a star on the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

(For #1-3) Mr Wangxian installed a pneumatic piston near his door that is triggered
to lock the door in case of an attack and placed 13.0 grams of NaN3 in the empty
piston. It is powered by the reaction below:
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)

1. How many moles of NaN3 was available for the reaction? (Molar mass of NaN3
is 65 g/mol)
A. 0.2 mol C. 0.1 mol
B. 0.3 mol D. 0.4 mol

2. Assuming that all of the NaN3 reacted, how many moles of nitrogen gas was
formed?
A. 0.2 mol C. 0.1 mol
B. 0.3 mol D. 0.4 mol

3. Assuming that all of the NaN3 reacted and the volume occupied by the solid
sodium is negligible, what is the final volume of the piston?
A. 6.27 L C. 6.72 L
B. 7.26 L D. 2.76 L

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4. 22.4 L of compound A was measured at STP after a gaseous reaction, how
many moles of A was in the sample?
A. 0.1 mol C. 10 mol
B. 0.01 mol D. 1.0 mol

(For #5-7) Acetylene (C2H2) is formed by the reaction of water with calcium carbide,
according to the following equation:

CaC2 (s) + 2 H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq) + C2H2 (g)

Mr Xiyao was told to prepare 10 L (at STP) of acetylene in the laboratory.

5. How many moles of acetylene should Ms Xiyao produce?

A. 0.644 mol C. 0.464 mol
B. 0.446 mol D. 4.064 mol

6. How many moles of CaC2 is needed to produce 10 L of acetylene?

A. 0.644 mol C. 0.464 mol
B. 0.446 mol D. 4.064 mol

7. How many grams of CaC2 must Ms Xiyao prepare? (Molar mass of CaC2 is 64
g/mol)
A. 68.2 g C. 28.6 g
B. 62.8 g D. 26.8 g

(For #8-10) Mr Sang Cheng burned 50 L of acetylene (C2H2) at STP in a constant

pressure piston. The piston expanded until the reaction was over. The reaction
proceeds:

2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

8. How many moles of acetylene is available for reaction?

A. 2.23 mol C. 3.23 mol
B. 3.22 mol D. 3.32 mol

9. Assuming that all of the acetylene reacted, how many moles of CO2 was
formed?
A. 6.64 mol C. 6.44 mol
B. 6.46 mol D. 4.46 mol

10. What volume is occupied by the CO2 at STP?

A. 0.10 L C. 10.0 L
B. 1.00 L D. 100 L

4
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Look up some cases where gas stoichiometry can be used in our modern
day. In your own words, write about what you discovered and how it is related to the
topic.

What I Can Do

Enrichment Activity:

This activity is optional. Try to do this experiment at home, if you can. You

will need: Instructions:

 Coke, preferably in a bottle 1. Place the mentos in the balloon.
 Mentos 2. Make sure the balloon has no trapped
 Balloon
air and put the balloon over the mouth of
the coke bottle while holding the mentos
 Ruler mentos inside the balloon
3. Release the mentos into the bottle and
secure the balloon and make sure only gas
can enter the balloon.
4. Once the balloon inflates, take it off, tie it,
and measure its radius in cm.
5. Assuming the balloon is a sphere, calculate
the volume of the balloon using the formula V(in
3
mL) = (4/3)πr and solve for the moles of CO2 in
the balloon. Take note, convert the volume to L
first!

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 Lesson Kinetic Molecular Theory of
2 Gases

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned about how gaseous products are
measured with the use of stoichiometry and the ideal gas law.

In this lesson, we will be learning how gases move around and how they interact
with the space around it.

What I Need to Know

Gases around us behave differently from the other states of matter since they
are very flexible. Understanding how these work around our surroundings is one way
of appreciating our environment.

In this lesson, you will learn about the kinetic molecular theory of gases and
relate the rates of gas effusion with molar mass.

What’s New

Differentiate. Describe and differentiate the illustrations in the columns from one
another. You may also guess what state of matter it represents.

6
 What Is It

Solids, liquids, and gases differ from one another in many ways. One distinction
that is being observed between the three states of matter is how closely packed their
atoms are. Solids are the most rigid among the three with each atom bundled up
almost side to side with no room for movement except for tiny vibrations which we
usually feel as heat. Liquids, on the other hand, are more flexible than solids with its
particles freely sliding on each other. This allows liquids to take the shape of their
containers while keeping its volume constant. Meanwhile, gases are the most flexible
and freely moving with its atoms observing very good social distancing and can be
compressed. This is the reason why gases cannot have a definite volume and can
occupy the shape of its container.

In the previous module, we have tackled the behaviour of gases in certain

conditions such as increasing the temperature and pressure. The logic behind why we
can predict its behaviour is due to its Kinetic Molecular Theory. This theory states
that:

1. Gases are made up of very small molecules,

which are separated by a very expansive space
between them.
2. Because of that, the force of attraction between
two particles is negligible. Therefore, the motion of
each particle is independent of one another.
3. Since they have so much space between them, the
molecules are in constant motion and move
around randomly in all directions.
4. Due to their perpetual state of random motion,
sometimes the particles will collide with each other
and with the walls of the container.
5. The collisions that occur are assumed to be
perfectly elastic, hence, there is no change in momentum in the molecules.
6. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is determined only by the
absolute temperature of the gas.

From what we know of the kinetic energy, it is defined as the energy possessed
by the object in motion. When things are in motion, they have velocity. Gases in
particular are very mobile particles and since these particles move independently from
one another and move randomly, it is hard to pinpoint the velocity at which each
molecule moves. In order to determine its kinetic energy, the root-mean-square
velocity of the gas is used and is defined by the equation:

3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
𝑀

…where vrms is the root-mean-square velocity of the gas, R is the ideal gas
constant, T is the absolute temperature in K, and M is the molar mass of the gas in
g/mol.

7
 As you can observe in the previous equation, the velocity is directly dependent
on its absolute temperature. This means that the hotter the gas, the more mobile the
gas molecules are.

We can express the previous equation in a proportionality equation by factoring

out the constants together to form this equation:

3𝑅𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = (√3𝑅) × √ =𝑘×√
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀

…where k is equal to the square root of 3R.

Just like the gas laws, we can make use of this proportionality to compare the
velocities of two different gases of different molar masses at the same absolute
temperature. Let’s take compound 1 and 2 as an example with molar masses M 1 and
M2, respectively.

𝑇 𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 = 𝑘 × √ 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 = 𝑘 × √
𝑀1 𝑀2

Since both are of the same temperature, we can factor out the square root of
the temperature. This will yield this expression:
1 1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 = 𝑘√𝑇 × 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 = 𝑘√𝑇 ×
√𝑀1 √𝑀2

Rearranging the expression, we get:

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 × √𝑀1 = 𝑘√𝑇 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 × √𝑀2 = 𝑘√𝑇

Since both expressions are equal to k multiplied to the square root of T, we can
equate both equations and rearrange them again to get this expression:

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 × √𝑀1 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 × √𝑀2

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 √𝑀2
𝑣 = 𝑀
𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 √ 1

This expression is known as Graham’s Law of Diffusion which states that

relationship between the diffusion rate, or the rate at which the gas moves, is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

Let’s take the diffusion of helium gas (He, molar mass = 4 g/mol) and oxygen
gas (O2, molar mass = 16 g/mol). How much faster would helium gas diffuse than
oxygen gas? Let us use the Graham’s Law of Diffusion to determine this.
𝑣𝐻𝑒 √𝑀𝑂2 √16 4
= = = =2
𝑣𝑂2 √ 𝑀𝐻𝑒 √4 2

8
 According to our calculations, the ratio of the diffusion rates of helium to oxygen
gas is 4:2, which means that helium diffuses two times faster than oxygen at the same
temperature.

What’s More

Directions: Put a star on the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. Two bottles at the same temperature containing hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) and
ammonia (NH3) are placed at equal lengths from you and are opened at the
same time. Which gas would you smell first?
A. Both C. None
B. Hydrogen sulphide D. Ammonia

2. Which of the following gases diffuses the fastest? Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen (H2),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Oxygen C. Hydrogen
B. Sulphur dioxide D. Carbon dioxide

3. Which of the following gases diffuses the slowest? Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen (H2),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Oxygen C. Hydrogen
B. Sulphur dioxide D. Carbon dioxide

4. Which of the following gases diffuses the fastest? Helium (He), Ammonia (NH3),
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Helium C. Ammonia
B. Hydrogen sulphide D. Carbon dioxide

5. Which of the following gases diffuses the slowest? Helium (He), Ammonia
(NH3), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Helium C. Ammonia
B. Hydrogen sulphide D. Carbon dioxide

6. Which of the following gases diffuses the fastest? Helium (He), Hydrogen (H2),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Helium C. Hydrogen
B. Sulphur dioxide D. Carbon dioxide

7. How much faster does helium gas diffuse than sulphur dioxide?
A. 2x C. 4x
B. 0.5x D. 0.25x

8. How much faster does hydrogen gas diffuse than sulphur dioxide?
A. 5.65x C. 4x
B. 0.18x D. 0.25x

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 9. How will a gas velocity vary if its molecular weight was decreased from 144
g/mol to 64 g/mol?
A. It will be faster by 200% C. It will be halved.
B. It will remain the same. D. It will be faster by 150%

10. How will a gas velocity vary if its molecular weight was increased from 32 g/mol
to 128 g/mol?
A. It will be faster by 200% C. It will be halved.
B. It will remain the same. D. It will be faster by 150%

What Have I Learned

Directions: Write an essay about how gas diffusion affects your day to day life. If
possible, cite examples and explain its connection to your day to day life.

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 Summary

The amount of gaseous reactants and products are determined by measuring

the volume of the gas at standard conditions. These standard conditions are (1)
standard temperature and pressure (STP) which is at 0°C (273 K) and 1 atm and (2)
standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) which is at 25°C (298 K) and 1
atm.

With the integration of the ideal gas law, we can then determine the amount of
gas molecules occupied in a volume. At STP, the amount of gaseous molecules are
determined with the use of the expression:
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃
=
22.4

And at SATP, the amount of gaseous molecules can be determined using the
expression:

𝑉𝑆𝐴𝑇𝑃
𝑛=
24.5
Gases behave differently compared to solids and liquids due to its kinetic
molecular theory which states that gases are (1) made up of very small molecules that
are (2) separated by very great distances that (3) causes the force of attraction
between two molecules to be negligible, hence their motion is independent from one
another and since they have so much space between them, (4) the molecules are in
constant motion and move randomly in all directions which (5) eventually causes them
to collide (6) in a perfectly elastic collision which means that no momentum is lost
between two particles and due to their constant state of motion, (6) the average kinetic
energy of the molecules can only be determined by its absolute temperature.

The kinetic energy of the gas can also be determined using the root-mean-
square velocity of the gas which is expressed in this equation:

3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
𝑀

This can also be used to compare the diffusion rates between two gases at the
same temperature using the Graham’s Law of Diffusion, as shown by the expression
below:

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 √𝑀2
𝑣 = 𝑀
𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 √ 1

11
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers on the space provide before the number.

1. Balance the gaseous chemical equation: C3H8 + O2  CO2 + H2O

e. 1, 5, 3, 4
f. 2, 3, 4, 1
g. 2, 10, 6, 8
h. 4, 6, 8, 2
2. Which of the following is NOT a gas mixture?
a. Air b. Smelly Farts
b. Chimney Fumes d. Butane
__3. In which of the following gas mixtures of N2 and He is the partial pressure of He the
greatest?
c. 2 moles N2, 3 moles He
d. 3 moles N2, 1 moles He
e. 4 moles N2, 2 moles He
f. 5 moles N2, 5 moles He
4. Which of the following systems will have the greatest volume at STP?
e. 1.00 g N2 (MM = 28 g/mol)
f. 1.00 g NH3 (MM = 17 g/mol)
g. 1.00 g He (MM = 4 g/mol)
h. 1.00 g CO2 (MM = 44 g/mol)
5. Which of the following will contain the greatest number of molecules at 300K and 1 atm
pressure?
e. 0.01 L
f. 0.10 L
g. 1.00 L
h. 10.0 L
6. How much carbon dioxide is there in a 3.4 L balloon at SATP?
e. 0.13 g
f. 6.1 g
g. 0.15 mol
h. 6.6 g
7. In the reaction 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O(l), how many liters of oxygen gas at STP will be
needed to react with 10 L of hydrogen gas at STP?
b. 20.0 c. 5.00 L
d. 10.0 L d. 100 L
8. Which of the following postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory for gases explains
why gases exhibit pressure?
e. The molecules are in constant random motion
f. The distance between the molecules is great
g. The molecules collide with the walls of the vessel
h. The molecular kinetic energy depends on the temperature.
9. How will a velocity of a gas molecule vary if its molecular weight is increased from 32
g/mol to 64 g/mol?
c. It will increase. c. It will double.
d. It will decrease. d. Nothing happens.
10. Which of the following gases is the fastest: He, O2, CO2, NH3?
c. O2 c. He
d. CO2 d. NH3

12
 11. Balance the gaseous chemical equation: C3H8 + O2  CO2 +
H2O a. 1, 5, 3, 4
b. 2, 3, 4, 1
c. 2, 10, 6, 8
d. 4, 6, 8, 2
12. Which of the following is NOT a gas mixture?
a. Air b. Smelly Farts
c. Chimney Fumes d. Butane
__13. In which of the following gas mixtures of N2 and He is the partial pressure of He the
greatest?
a. 2 moles N2, 3 moles He
b. 3 moles N2, 1 moles He
c. 4 moles N2, 2 moles He
d. 5 moles N2, 5 moles He
14. Which of the following systems will have the greatest volume at
STP? a. 1.00 g N2 (MM = 28 g/mol)
b. 1.00 g NH3 (MM = 17 g/mol)
c. 1.00 g He (MM = 4 g/mol)
d. 1.00 g CO2 (MM = 44 g/mol)
15. Which of the following will contain the greatest number of molecules at 300K and 1 atm
pressure?
a. 0.01 L
b. 0.10 L
c. 1.00 L
d. 10.0 L
16. How much carbon dioxide is there in a 3.4 L balloon at
SATP? a. 0.13 g
b. 6.1 g
c. 0.15 mol
d. 6.6 g
17. In the reaction 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O(l), how many liters of oxygen gas at STP will be
needed to react with 10 L of hydrogen gas at STP?
a. 20.0 c. 5.00 L
b. 10.0 L d. 100 L
18. Which of the following postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory for gases explains
why gases exhibit pressure?
a. The molecules are in constant random motion
b. The distance between the molecules is great
c. The molecules collide with the walls of the vessel
d. The molecular kinetic energy depends on the temperature.
19. How will a velocity of a gas molecule vary if its molecular weight is increased from
32 g/mol to 64 g/mol?
a. It will increase. c. It will double.
b. It will decrease. d. Nothing happens.
20. Which of the following gases is the fastest: He, O2, CO2, NH3?
g. O2 c. He
h. CO2 d. NH3

13