PERIODIC PROPERTIES

AND THEIR GRADUATION

IN GROUP AND PERIODS
Presented By: Sahib Singh Bhogal
CLASS:- XI-O ROLL NO :- 17
WHAT IS A
PERIODIC
TABLE?
A periodic table is a tabular
arrangement of chemical elements,
organized based on their atomic
number, electron configuration,
and recurring chemical properties.
The elements are presented in
order of increasing atomic
number, which is the number of
protons in an atom's nucleus. The
rows of the table are called
periods, and the columns are
called groups.
PERIODIC
TRENDS
The specific patterns in the properties of chemical elements present in the periodic
table are known as periodic trends. The important trends are-

 Ionization energy

 Metallic character

 Atomic Radii

 Electronegativity

 Ionic radius

 Electron affinity

 Chemical reactivity

 Shielding effect

These trends arise due to changes in the structure of atoms of the elements within their
groups and periods. A few exceptions exist, for example, the ionization energy of groups
3 and 6.
IONIZATION ENERGY
The ionization potential can be defined
as, “Minimum energy required by an
isolated atom to remove one electron in its
neutral or gaseous state "As one goes
across the period, the ionization energy
increases. The reason behind this is that the
nuclear charge across the period increases
and thus the electrons are strongly held by
the nucleus. But as one goes down the
group, the ionization energy decreases down
the group. The reason behind this is, down
the group the valence electrons go farther
away from the nucleus, thus the nuclear
charge decreases. Factors affecting
ionization energy
VARIOUS FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
IONIZATION ENERGY LEVELS
1. Nuclear Charge Lower the nuclear charge lower is the force of
attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons, thus low
ionization energy.
2. Shielding Effect Shielding effect increases as nuclear charge
increases, thus with an increase in shielding effect the ionization
energy also increases.
3. Atomic Radius As the atomic radius increases the force of
attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons also
decreases. Thus, with an increase in atomic radius the ionization
decreases.
4. Half-Filled Valence Shells Pseudo filled or half-filled valence
shells have high ionization energy.A simple principle that can be
used is that, if the principal quantum number is low, then the
ionization number will be high for the electron present in that
shell.
5. Exceptions All the elements in the oxygen and boron family are
an exception to the above stated periodic trend. They require a
little less energy than the usual trend.
 Periodic law forms the basis for periodic trends. According
to periodic law, “the chemical elements are listed in an
order of increasing atomic number, and main properties
thus undergo cyclic changes. Elements having similar
chemical properties re-occur in regular intervals”

PERIOD This principle was given by Dmitri Mendeleev. He also stated

that the periodic table was not just based on the atomic

IC LAW
weights, but also based on various physical and chemical
properties of elements.

Later it was also found that the recurrence of properties was

due to the recurrence of similar electronic configurations in
the outer shells of atoms.
METALLIC
PROPERTY
Metallic property of an element can be
defined as their ability to conduct
electricity. The metallic properties
increase down the group as the nuclear
charge decreases down the group. Since
the valence electron is loosely bounded
by the nuclei, they are able to conduct
electricity well. But across a period, the
metallic character decreases as nuclear
charge increases. This causes the force
of attraction between the valence
electrons and the nuclei increases,
thereby inhibiting them from conducting
electricity or heat
ATOMIC RADII
The atomic radius is the distance between the atomic
nucleus and outermost stable electron orbital of an atom
which is at equilibrium. Across a period the atomic radius
decreases, as the nuclear charge increases. The reason for
the decrease is as nuclear charge increases, the force of
attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons
also increases, and the nucleus holds the electron tightly,
thereby decreasing the atomic radii.
In a group, the atomic radius increases down the group. The
reason being, new shells are being added and thus the
nuclear charge decreases. But the atomic radii also increase
diagonally causing some exceptions.
Example:
Along the Period – Li> Be > B > C > N > O > F
Down the Grp – Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
ELECTRO
NEGATIVITY
Electronegativity can be defined as the ability of an atom or a
molecule to attract a pair of electrons. The bond formed due to this is
mainly determined by the difference between the electronegativity of
the atoms. Across the period, the electronegativity increases as
nuclear charge increases. Moving down a group, the electronegativity
decreases as nuclear charge decreases. The reason being the
distance between the nucleus of the atom and the valence electrons
is long and thus the electrons are easily lost.

Example:

Along the Period- Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F

Down the Grp - Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

Exception: The group 13 elements are an exception and thus the

electronegativity increases from aluminum to thallium. Also, in group
14, the electronegativity of tin is higher than lead
ELECTRON
AFFINITY
Electron affinity can be defined as the
tendency of an atom to accept an electron or
an electron pair. This is a characteristic feature
of nonmetals as they gain electrons to become
anions. Across a period, the electron affinity
increases as nuclear charge increases.
Down the group, it decreases, as the nuclear
charge decreases. Fluorine has the highest
electronegativity and noble gasses are not
included in this. The reason being they have a
full valence shell and thus can neither gain nor
lose electrons.
SHIELDIN CHARACTERSTICS PERIOD GROUP

G EFFECT Ionization energy INCREASES DECREASES

Metallic property DECREASES INCREASES

It can be defined as the repelling of an
outer electron by the inner electrons. It Atomic radius DECREASES INCREASES
can also be used to explain how many
Electronegativity INCREASES DECREASES
nuclei can control the outer electrons.
The effective nuclear charge decreases
down the group due to increased Electron affinity INCREASES DECREASES
shielding effect. Across a period, the
effective nuclear charge increases as
Shielding Effect INCREASES DECREASES
nuclear charge increases.
To summarize the whole thing, we can
make the following conclusions.
IONIC RADIUS
An ion consists of the electrons in its numerous shells and the nucleus. The
distance between the nucleus and the electron in the last outermost shell of an
ion is known as the ionic radius of an ion. Based on the ionic radius of different
elements there’s a trend that can be identified in the periodic table. Basically,
this trend can be seen as;

 If we move from the top of the periodic table down to its bottom the ionic
radius of the elements will increase in value. This happens because as we
move down the periodic table the number of layers or shells of electrons
increase in number.

 If we move sideways from left to right on the periodic table, then the ionic
radius tends to decrease in size. Although it seems odd that the ionic size
would decrease as more protons, electrons and neutrons are added.
However, this happens because as we move sideways on the periodic table
the metal shed their outer electrons layers to form cations. For non-metals,
the ionic radius increases as the number of electrons present in the ion
exceeds the number of protons causing significant decrease in nuclear
charge.

This trend applies to not only ionic radius but also to atomic radius; however,
these are different from each other
CHEMICAL
REACTIVITY
Reactivity of an element refers to the capacity at which an atom tends to react with any
other substance. The chemical reactivity is often regulated by the ionization energy (how
simply electrons are shed from the outermost layer) and electronegativity (how fast an
atom takes another atom’s electrons). This process of transfer and interchanging of
electrons is the principle on which the chemical reactivity trend occurs in the periodic
table.

 In metals the chemical reactivity decreases as we move sideways from left to right
on the periodic table. Whereas, the reactivity increases as we move from top to
the bottom groups of the table. The farther downwards or towards the left we
move the exchange of electrons becomes easier and more rapid, increasing the
chemical reactivity of the elements.

 In non-metals it’s the opposite. The chemical reactivity increases as we move from
left to the right of the table. And the reactivity decreases as we move towards the
bottom groups from the top groups. The farther upwards or to the right the easier
it becomes for atoms to shed their electrons in exchange of other electrons,
increasing the electronegativity which in turn makes the chemical reactivity of the
elements more rigorous.
FACTS  Most noble gases- helium(He), neon(Ne), argon(Ar), krypton(Kr),
xenon(Xe), and radon(Rn)- have zero electronegativity because

BASED ON they are extremely stable. They have full valence electronic
layers due to which they do not lose or gain electrons easily.

THE
 Out of the 118 elements of the periodic table, 90 can be found
in nature while the rest 28 are completely man-made.

 While hydrogen(H) is the lightest element present in the

PERIOD periodic table (can be found in the top left corner), oganesson
(Og) is the heaviest element (can be found in the lower right
corner)

TRENDS  Almost 75% of elements in the periodic table are metals. While
there are only a few non-metals.

AND  The only two elements that are liquid at room temperature are
bromine and mercury.If the periodic table is folded half along
its group 4 elements

PERIODIC  The groups that lie on top of each other can be fused with each
other perfectly because they have harmonizing electron

TABLES structure. Hence, they fit together in complete stability.

THANK YOU