SCIENCE

PRESENTATION

TRENDS FOUND IN Presentation by Oano Xenos Iral

THE PERIODIC TABLE

 ATOMIC SIZE
• How are the properties of the elements predicted using the arrangement
of the elements in the periodic table? Let us understand some important
properties that dictate the chemical behavior of elements. These are
atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and
metallic property.

• We know that the atom has no definite boundary. In order to get the
atomic size of the atom, we use its radius. Assuming two similar atoms
bonded together. Half of the distance from the nuclei of two neighboring
atoms is the usual basis of atomic radius, the other term used for atomic
size. Atomic size increases as you move from top to bottom.

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ATOMIC SIZE

• The trend on atomic size is due to the shielding effect. Electrons can shield the
other electrons from the pull of the nucleus as they increase in number. The more
electrons are present in the atom, The trend on atomic size is due to the shielding
effect. Electrons can shield the other electrons from the nucleus. As in the case of
an increase in energy level as we move from top to bottom in the the more the
shielding effect, and so the greater is the tendency for the electrons to move farther
away periodic table, the trend is increasing the size of the atom because of the
increase in the shielding of the electrons.

• The decrease in the atomic size from left to right is due to the decrease in the
shielding effect and the increase of the effective nuclear charge experienced by the
valence electrons. The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge
experienced by the electron. As the atomic number increases from left to right at
the same energy level, the pull of the nucleus becomes greater, thus making the
electrons move closer to the nucleus. This results in a decrease in the atomic size.

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IONIZATION ENERGY

• When electrons get removed from the atom, an ion is formed. Ionization energy is
defined as the energy needed to remove the outermost electron from a gaseous
atom or ion. Since the electron is attracted to the nucleus of the atom, energy is
needed to take it out from the atom. If the atom's size is small, it means that the
electrons are strongly pulled to the nucleus of the atom; thus, more energy is
needed to remove it. If the size of the atom is big, it means that its outermost
electrons are shielded from the pull of the electrons so they can be pulled with ease
that means lower energy requirement. lonization energy increases as the atomic
size decreases.

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 IONIZATION ENERGY

• The trend on ionization energy is increasing a as we 100 move from left to right
because the atomic size gets smaller. Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom as
the atomic size increases. The removal of the last outermost electron is called the first
ionization energy.

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ELECTRONEGATIVITY

• The atoms with high ionization energy except for the noble gases tend to gain
electrons instead of losing them, and so they form negative ions or anions. Those
that have low ionization energies tend to lose their electrons and form positive
ions, or cations.

• The ability of the atom to attract electrons to itself is called electronegativity. The
more the atom can receive an electron, the higher its electronegativity. If the
shielding effect of the electrons is weak. then the atom can easily add an electron
to itself. The smaller the size of the atom, the higher its electronegativity. The
bigger the size of the atom, the smaller its electronegativity. However, the noble
gas elements are exceptions to this observed trend because these elements are
considered inert due to their completely filled and stable orbitals. So, noble gases
have very low electronegativity.

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ELECTRON AFFINITY

• The energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion is called
electron affinity.
atom + 1e -> negative ion
change in energy = electron affinity
• If an atom readily gains an electron, energy gets released in the process. The first
value of electron affinity is usually a negative value indicating the release of the
energy. There are irregularities observed for electron affinity, but its general trend,
as we move down a group, becomes less negative. This is due to the increase in the
size of the atom, making it hard for the electron to be added. Across a period,
electron affinity becomes more negative as the atomic size decreases so the atom
can readily accept an additional electron. The exceptions to this trend are the noble
gas elements.

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METALLIC PROPERTY

• Metals are described to be good conductors of heat and electricity. They can have this kind
of property because of its outermost electrons. Metallic property is defined as the looseness
of the outermost electrons. Since metals are found on the left side and lower part of the
periodic table, it is expected that metallic property increases as we move down the group.
As the size increases moving down a group, the electrons are loosely held by the nucleus of
the atom; thus, the electrons can easily move out of the atom. On the other hand, as we
move from left to right, metallic behavior decreases due to the decrease in the size as the
effective nuclear charge holds the electrons strongly in the atom.

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IONIC SIZE

• When an electron is lost or gained by the atom, the size changes due to the
attraction and shielding of the electrons. As the atom gains an additional electron
and becomes an anion, the size is expected to increase compared to its neutral atom
counterpart. A chlorine atom has an atomic size of 99 picometer (pm), while
chlorine ion (CI) has a size of 167 pm. This increase is attributed to the increase in
the shielding effect and in the repulsion among the electrons.
• As the atom loses an electron and becomes a cation, the size decreases with charge.
Removing an electron increases the effective nuclear charge that makes the size
gets small. A decrease in the number of electrons compared with the number of
protons strengthens the attractive force that pulls the electrons into the atom, thus
shrinking its size.

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IONIC SIZE

• Example:
Rank the following set of ions in decreasing size:
1. Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+
2. 2. CF, F, K+
3. 3. Cl, Br,

• Solution:
Find the positions of these elements in the periodic table and apply the ionic size trend
discussed The following will be the arrangement.
1. Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ (Strontium ion is the biggest and magnesium ion is the smallest.)
2. 2. C>K> F (Chlorine ion is bigger than potassium ion due to more shielding effect on c and
strong nuclear force for potassium ion.)
3. 3. Br> Cl> F (Bromine ion has the biggest size followed by chlorine ion and fluorine is the
smallest.)

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REACTIVITY OF THE ELEMENTS

• Elements do not exist in its pure elemental form. We know that atoms of elements
usually combine with other atoms of other elements to form compounds. How do
we know the usual chemical behavior of the elements through the use of the
periodic table? What kinds of compounds do they form with each other?

• From our knowledge about the valence electrons of the elements, we can derive
the tendencies of these valence electrons when the element undergoes a chemical
reaction with other elements. The valence electrons, or the outermost electrons, are
the ones that can be lost, gained, or shared during a chemical change. When metals
and nonmetals react, they form an ionic compound. This type of compound is
formed between a cation and an anion. Metals are the ones that will lose electrons
and become cations. Nonmetals are the ones that will gain the electrons lost by the
metals and become anions. The number of electrons lost and the number of
electrons gained during the ionic compound formation have to be equal. In order to
determine the electrons lost and gained, remember that metals and nonmetals
should become stable like the noble gas elements.

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 THANK YOU
End of Presentation Oano Xenos Iral
Renz Michael Tacda
Group Members Alex Suan
Steven Estella