Stability of Noble gases Formation Chemical Compound

Question: Describe the stability of Noble Gases

Elements with less than eight valence electrons tend to
_________,___________ and __________its valence electrons to
Element Symbol Electron Arrangement
achieved stable electron arrangement.

Helium Type of chemical bonding:

Neon a) ___________ __bonding
Argon b) _____________ bonding.
Krypton
Xenon I IONIC BONDING
Radon
Formation: Metal + Non Metal
1) All Noble gases have achieved ___________________________

How they
2) Helium has achieved ___________ and other noble gases have formed:
achieved Stable _____________ electron arrangement.

Forces of
3) __________ and ____________ are most stable electron
attraction:
arrangement.

4) Thus, all noble gases do not_________ , _____________ or Types of

___________ their valence electrons with other elements. particles
present in the
compound:
5) All noble gases are chemically unreactive or very stable elements.

1
 Physical Properties of Ionic Compound Question: Explain why Sodium chloride can conduct electricity in
molten or aqueous state but not in solid state?

1) All ionic compound _______________ in water but _______________________________________________________

___________________ in organic solvent.
________________________________________________________
2) All ionic compound have ________ melting and boiling
_______________________________________________________
point
_______________________________________________________
3) All Ionic compound conduct electricity in _____________
and ___________ state but ionic compound does not conduct _______________________________________________________
electricity in ___________ state.
_______________________________________________________
Question: Explain why sodium chloride have high melting 801°C?
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2
 FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND
B) Reaction with Y and P.
23 24 16 35
X Y 8 Q 17
P a) Formula:________________________

11 12

b) Type of bonding:__________________

Question: Write the formula of the compound formed and state the types c) Arrangement of the compound formed:
of bonding formed and draw the arrangement of the compound

A) Reaction with X and P. B) Reaction with Y and Q.

a) Formula:________________________ a) Formula:________________________

b) Type of bonding:__________________ b) Type of bonding:__________________

c) Arrangement of the compound formed: c) Arrangement of the compound formed:

3
 PAPER 2: ESSAY QUESTION [10 marks]

Question:
Magnesium atom combine with oxygen formed a chemical bonding. Describe the formation of chemical bonding, state the
type of chemical bonding,formula of the compound formed and draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
[ 12 Mg , 8O]

1) Magnesium atom combine with oxygen atom form ___________________ Compound. [10 marks]

2) Magnesium atom has electron arrangement of _______________.

3) It ________________________valence __________________ to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement, _______.

4) A positive ion, __________ is formed.

5) Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of _________

6) It ______________________________ from magnesium atom to achieve stable octet electron arrangement, _______

7) A negative ion, _________ is formed.

8) Positive ion,________, and negative ion, ________, are attracted together by __________________________ to form an ionic ______

with the formula of ______________

9) Electron arrangement of Magnesium oxide compound:

4
 PAPER 2: ESSAY QUESTION [10 marks]

Question:
Sodium atom combine with Chloride formed a chemical bonding. Describe the formation of chemical bonding, state the type
of chemical bonding,formula of the compound formed and draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
[ 11Na , 17Cl ] [10 marks]

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5
 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 8) The lone pair of electrons that not involve in covalent bond of
ammonia molecule, NH3 , will be __________ with ________
1) Dative is a Special type of covalent bond where the electron pair that is through formation of ________ bonding with formula of
___________ comes from one atom only. _______.

9) All nitrogen atom and ___________ atoms in ___________

2) The atom contributed shared pair of electrons known as ___________ Ion have achieved stable ___________ and __________
3) The atom or ions that accept electrons pair from donor does not
Arrangement respectively.
Have any electrons in the valence shell thus its shared electrons pair
From the donor atom. 10) The lewis electron arrangement of ammonium ions :
4) The ion or atom the accept pair of electrons from the donor atom
Known as ________________.

5) Example of donor atom is Nitrogen atom from ammonia molecule

Nitrogen atom has proton number of 7 and its electron arrangement
Is ________
6) Nitrogen atom in ammonia NH3 has one unshared pair of electrons.
This unshared pair of electrons known as __________________

+
7) Hydrogen ions H has no electrons in its valence shell. Hydrogen ion need
Two electrons to achieved stable ________ electron arrangement.

6
 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
Question: Describe the formation of dative bonding between Oxide atom in water molecule and hydrogen
ions. [ 10 Marks ] [ proton number N=7 , H+=0, H=1]

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 Formula and electron arrangement of Ionic compound

Atom Magnesium 12 Mg Atom Pottasium 19 K Chloride 17Cl

OXIDE 8O

Electron Electron
Arrangement Arrangement

Formula of Formula of
ion ion

Formula of Formula of
ionic ionic
compound compound

Electron Electron
Arrangement Arrangement
Of the Of the
compound compound

6
 Formula and electron arrangement of Ionic compound

Atom Atom Calsium 40 Ca Chloride 17Cl

Magnesium 12 Mg Chloride 17Cl

Electron Electron
Arrangement Arrangement

Formula of Formula of
ion ion

Formula of Formula of
ionic ionic
compound compound

Electron Electron
Arrangement Arrangement
Of the Of the
compound compound

7
 Formation of ionic compound: electron arrangement & Equation

Formation of Sodium Chloride compound

SODIUM , 11Na

Draw electron
arrangement Half
equation

Chloride, 17 Cl

Draw electron
arrangement half
equation

Equation
 5

Formation of Magnesium Chloride

Magnesium
12Mg

Draw electron
arrangement
Half equation

Chloride, 17 Cl

Draw electron
arrangement
half equation

Equation

6
Formation of Sodium Oxide

Sodium Na

Draw electron
arrangement
Half equation

Oxide, 8O

Draw electron
arrangement
half equation

Equation

7
 Question:
Magnesium atom combine with oxygen formed a chemical bonding. Describe the formation of chemical bonding, state the
type of chemical bonding,formula of the compound formed and draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
[ 12 Mg , 8O]

[10 marks]
1) Magnesium atom combine with oxygen atom form ___________________ bonding.

2) Magnesium atom has electron arrangement of _______________.

3) It ________________________valence __________________ to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement, _______.

4) A positive ion, __________ is formed.

5) Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of _________

6) It ______________________________ from magnesium atom to achieve stable octet electron arrangement, _______

7) A negative ion, _________ is formed.

8) Positive ion,________, and negative ion, ________, are attracted together by __________________________ to form an ionic compound
with the formula of ______________

9) Electron arrangement of Magnesium oxide compound:

7
Question:
Sodium atom combine with Chloride formed a chemical bonding. Describe the formation of chemical bonding, state the type
of chemical bonding,formula of the compound formed and draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
[ 11Na , 17Cl ] [10 marks]

1) Sodium atom combine with Chloride atom form ___________________ bonding.

2) Sodium atom has electron arrangement of _______________.

3) It ________________________valence __________________ to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement, _______.

4) A positive ion, __________ is formed.

5) Chloride atom has electron arrangement of __________

6) It ______________________________ from Sodium atom to achieve stable octet electron arrangement, _______

7) A negative ion, _________ is formed.

8) Positive ion,________, and negative ion, ________, are attracted together by __________________________ to form an ionic

compound with the formula of ______________

9) Electron arrangement of Sodium Chloride compound:

8
 ESSAY QUESTION: [20 MARKS ]

Ionic Compound conduct electricity in molten and aqueous state only not in solid state

a) Explain why ionic compound conduct electricity in aqueous and molten state not in solid state. [3marks]
b) Describe an experiment to prove the statement given in the table above using example of ionic compound. Include
apparatus, materials , procedure and observation. [10 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
iii) Procedure:
a) 1. Ionic compounds are made up of _______________
1)
2. In molten and aqueous state the _______________
__________________________________________ 2)

___________________________________________ 3)
3. In Solid state the cations and anions are _____________
4)
____________________________________________ 5)
____________________________________________

b) Example of ionic compound is ____________________ iv) Observation:

i) Material:___________________________________ Ionic compound Observation

____________________________________

ii) Appatus: ____________________________________

____________________________________

8
 Covalent Bond
Properties of Covalent Bonding
1) Non Metal atom + Non metal Atom = Covalent compound
1) All covalent compound __________ in water but
2)_____________ Valence Electron to achieved stable electron arrangement
____________ in organic solvent.
3) ____________________ force of attraction or _________________ forces
2) All Covalent compound have _____ melting point
of attraction between molecules forme covalent compound. and boiling point.

4) Particles present in covalent compound ______________________.

Type of Covalent compound

Explanation:
*_______________________________________

Single Covalent Double Triple Covalent *_______________________________________

Bond Covalen Bond Bonding
*_______________________________________
1) Share a pair 1) Share two 1)Share three
of valence pairs of pairs of valence
electron valence electrons
2) Examples: electrons 3) All covalent compound __________ conduct
electricity.
• _________ 2) Exampe:
• _________ 2) Examples:
explanation:
• _________
• _________ ___________
___________ *_________________________________________
_________l
___________
• _________ *_________________________________________
• _________

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Single and Double Covalent Bond 1) W and Y combine formed a chemical bonding.

ELEMENT Electron Arrangement a) State the type of chemical bonding formed by W and Y.__________________

b) Write the formula of the compound in 1 (a) ?__________________________

W W c) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed.

Y Y

2) W and X combine formed a chemical bonding.

a) State the type of chemical bonding formed by W and X.__________________

b) Write the formula of the compound in 1 (a) ?__________________________

X X c) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed.

10
 DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

Carbon 6C and 8O combine and formed a covalent Oxygen atoms 8O combine together and formed a covalent
compound. compound.

a) Write the formula of the compound formed a) Write the formula of the compound formed

b) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed b) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed

11
 TRIPLE COVALENT BOND

Nitrogen atoms 7N combine together and formed a covalent compound.

a) Write the formula of the compound formed

b) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed

12
ESSAY: FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUND.

Explain the formation of covalent bond between carbon atom, 6𝐶 and chlorine atom, 17 𝐶𝑙.
Include electron arrangement of the compound formed. [10 marks]

Answer:

1) Carbon atom combine with Chloride atom formed a ____________________ Compound.

2) Carbon atom has electron arrangement of _________

3) Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of _________

4) ______ carbon atom contributes ________ valence electrons to ____ atoms.
5) ______ chlorine atoms, contribute _____ valence electron each to ______ atom.
6)_____ C atom ___________________________________ with ____ Cl atoms to form ______________________________.
7) All of C and Cl atoms achieve _____________________________________________________
8) A covalent bond with formula ______________ is formed.
9) Electron Arrangement of tetrachloromethane compound formed is :

14
 By using an example Explain the formation of triple covalent bond Include electron arrangement of the compound
formed. [10 marks]

Answer:

1) The formation of triple covalent bond can be explained by using _________________________.

2) ___________ atom has electron arrangement of _________

3) Nitrogen atom need _______ more electrons to achieved stable ________ arrangement
4) _______ Nitrogen atoms contributes ________ valence electrons each for sharing
6) Both Nitrogen atoms Shares _________ pairs of valence electrons to form __________ covalent bonding
7) Both Nitrogen atoms achieve _____________________________________________________
8) A covalent bond with formula ______________ is formed.
9) Electron Arrangement of Nitrogen Molecule formed is :

15
 PAPER 3 AIM: TO INVESTIGATE THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF IONIC & COVALENT
COMPOUND
PAPER 3: DESIGN EXPERIMENT ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Ionic compound dissolve in water but most covalent compound ______________________________________________________________________________________________
does not dissolve in water. Sodium chloride is an example of
ionic compound and glucose solution is covalent compound ______________________________________________________________________________________________
that dissolve in water. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Diagram3 shows a conversation between two students about ______________________________________________________________________________________________
the conductivity of an ionic compound and carbon compound in
water. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Rajah 3 menunjukkan perbualan di antara dua orang pelajar mengenai ______________________________________________________________________________________________
kekonduksian sebatian ion dan sebatian kovalen di dalam air.
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Referring to the above conversation, plan a laboratory
experiment to determine the conductivity of an ionic and ______________________________________________________________________________________________
covalent compound in water. Include ______________________________________________________________________________________________
a) Problem statement ______________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Variable
______________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus ______________________________________________________________________________________________
e) Procedure ______________________________________________________________________________________________
f) Tabulation of data [17 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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5
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Section B : Formation of Ionic & Covalent compound
ANSWER:

Element Electron arrangement 1) X atom combine with Y atom form Ionic Compound.
unsur Susunan elektron
2) X atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.1.

3) It donate one valence electron to Y atom and

W W achieve the stable octet electron arrangement, 2.8.

4) A positive ion, X+ is formed.

5) Y atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7

X X 6) It accept one electron from X atom to achieve

stable octet electron arrangement, 2.8.8

7) A negative ion, Y - is formed.

8) Positive ion, X+ , and negative ion, Y - , are attracted

together by stronger electrostatic forces to form an ionic
Y Y compound with the formula of XY

9) Electron arrangement of XY compound:

Question:
Based on diagram above Explain the formation Ionic
compound can formed based on the examples of
X + ion Y - ion
elements given in diagram above [ 10 MARKS ]
2.8 2.8.8

19
 ANSWER:
Formation of Ionic & Covalent compound
1) W atom combine with Y atom formed a covalent Compound.

2) W atom has electron arrangement of 2.4

Element Electron arrangement
unsur Susunan elektron 3) Y atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7
4) W atom contributes four valence electrons

W W
to Y atoms.
5) Four Y atoms, contribute one valence electron each
to W atom.
6) One W atom share four pair of valence electrons

X with four Y atoms to form four single covalent bond.

X
7) All of W and Y atoms achieve stable octet electron arrangement.

8) A covalent bond with formula WY4 is formed.

9) Draw Electron Arrangement of WY4 compound formed is :

Y Y

Question:
y W y
Based on diagram above Explain the formation
Covalent compound can formed based on the
examples of elements given in diagram above
y
[ 10 Marks ]

20
 Structure Question

1) Jadual 3 menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan (iii) Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement in the compound.
elektron bagi tiga atom, U, V dan W.

Atom Proton number Number of electrons

Atom Nombor proton Bilangan electron

U 11 11
C) V and W combine to form another type of compound.
V 6 6
(i) Write the formula of the compound formed.
W 17 17 _____________________________________________

(ii) Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement in the compound.

a) State the charge of the ion of U.
_____________________________________________

b) Write the electron arrangement for U.

_____________________________________________

c) U combines with W to form a compound.

(i) State the type of chemical bond formed.

______________________________________________

(ii) State three physical state of the compound formed.

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

16
Carbon 12C and 1H combine and formed a covalent Carbon 12C and 17Cl combine and formed a covalent
compound. compound.

a) Write the formula of the compound formed a) Write the formula of the compound formed

b) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed b) Draw the arrangement of the compound formed

37
 HYDROGEN BOND
1) Hydrogen bonds are attraction forces between hydrogen atom
That has ________________ with an atom of ____________
electronegativity and an unshared electron pair on another
electronegative atom
2) Electronegativity is a tendency of an atom to _________ electrons
to itself to form a bond.
3) A dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges in a
molecule. A dipole-dipole interaction is an attractive force between
the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of
another polar molecule.
4)Hydrogen is most commonly attracted to more electronegative
elements than itself, such as fluorine, carbon, nitrogen or oxygen
5) Two requirements of hydrogen bonding:
a) First molecule has hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative
atom (N,O,F) - (hydrogen bond donor)
b) Second molecule has a lone pair of electrons on a small highly
electronegative atom (N,O,F) - (hydrogen bond acceptor)
5) Example of hydrogen bond:
Formation of hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of water
molecule with hydrogen atom of another water molecule

a) Oxygen atom has _________________________

b) Water molecule, H2O consists of two

hydrogen atoms and one ___________ atom
hydrogen and oxygen atom are bonded by d) The attraction forces between hydrogen
_____________ electrons with one another. atom in water molecule with oxygen atom from
another water molecule forms a hydrogen bond
c) This type of bonding is known as
__________________________________.

38
Role of Hydrogen Bond in daily life Why hair stick togather when wet?

1.Protein molecules attached together through hydrogen bonds .

• When water is wet, protein molecules no longer form

_______________ among themselves.
• Instead, protein molecules will form hydrogen bonds with
_______________________________
• Water molecules will also form hydrogen bonds with other
hair _______________________________
• This causes hair to__________________
2.In Protein molecules, Hydrogen atoms attach to oxygen atom of

Another protein molecules through ________________. This occur because Why does a wet finger help to turn the pages of book easily?

Oxgeny atom more electronegative and it has higher ___________ to pulled

Cellulose in paper consist of hydrogen
Hydrogen atom from another protein molecules to form hydrogen bonding atoms that are bonded with oxygen
atoms.
3.That why protein molecules attach togethers.
Water molecules on wet finger will
form _________________ with the
cellulose in paper.

Thus the pages will ________ to the

finger

39
Effects of Hydrogen Bonds on the Physical Properties of Substance

Explain why the boiling point of ethanol solution higher than

1. Compound that exist in liquid states reach boiling point when the
Chlorine?
Attraction forces between molecules are overcomed. solution
• Ethanol molecules are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2.Covalent compound _____________ in water but soluble in
atoms through covalent bond.
_________________ solvent.
• There are weak ____________________________ forces of
3. But some covalent compound like ____________, ____________

Are soluble in water and this because of ____________________ attraction exist between ethanol molecules.

4. In covalent compound of ethanol, C2H5OH, there are _________ • Other the Van der Waal forces of attraction there is Strong

Bonds formed between molecules. __________________ bonds formed between molecules of

ethanol.

• Thus _________________ is required to overcome the weak

________________________ forces of attraction and

__________________ bonds forces of attraction.

• On the other hand, Chlorine Cl2 molecules do not form

________________ bonds compared to ethanol molecules.

5.The presents of hydrogen bonds in ethanol molecules
• As a result, the boiling point of ethanol is _________
Enable the ethanol _______________ in water.

40
Metallic Bonds
1. Metals atoms in metal block are arranged ____________________
and in _________________ in solid state.

2. The valence electrons of metal atoms can be ______________ 6. Explain how Magnesium metal can conduct electricty
Easily or ___________________ in solid state.

3. Delocalised valence electrons means electron that ________

Freely and is not ______________ by any atoms nor ions.

4. A sea of electrons is formed when the valence shells of metal

Atoms overlap, resulting in ____________________________

5. ____________________ attraction force between the sea of
Electrons and the positively- charged metal ions formed the
_______________________________________.
• Magnesium metal made up of magnesium atoms.The valence
electrons of magnesium atoms can be easily ___________
and______________.
• Magnesium ions and all _______________ valence electrons able to
____________________ and conduct electricity.

41
 Strength of Metallic Bonding
1. Atom which must be present in hydrogen bonding is

1. Three factors that affect the strength of a metallic bond:`

A hydrogen C calcium
a) Number of __________/ Strength of___________________.
B sodium D sulphur
The more _________ the ___________ the metallic bond
2. Example of compound having hydrogen bonding is
b) Number of ________________ electrons per atom
(the valence electron are delocalised)
A Chlorine C Sodium chloride
The _______ delocalised electrons the ___________ the metallic bond
B Neon D Water
c) __________of metal ions. 3. Which is the most electronegative atom?
The _____________ the ion, the _____________the bond.
A Helium C Chlorine
Magnesium has stronger metallic bonding than sodium. B Fluorine D Iodine
Thus a higher melting point. Explain
Dative covalent bond is found in
4.
• The number of protons present in the nucleus of magnesium
______________an in sodium A Ammonia C Urea
B Ammonium ion D Nitrogen
• Magnesium has ______________________in the valence
shell compared to Sodium, thus magnesium release more
5. which substance is the type of bonding not correct?
electrons into the sea of electrons
• Magnesium is also ______________ than sodium. Type of bond
Substance
Ionic Covalent Metallic
• Therefore________________ forces of attraction exist
A Chlorine /
between magnesium ions and ________________ ________ B Potassium bromide /
compared in sodium. C Sodium /
• More __________ is required to overcome metallic bonds in D Sodium chloride /

magnesium than in sodium

42
ALL CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC BONDING
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• Example:
DATIVE BONDING
• Dative is a Special type of covalent
bond where the electron pair that is
___________ comes from one atom
only.
Example:
COVALENT BONDING HYDROGEN BONDING
• Hydrogen bonds are attraction forces
between hydrogen atom that has
• __________________________ ________________ with an atom of
• ___________________________ ____________ electronegativity and
• ___________________________ an unshared electron pair on another
electronegative atom
• ___________________________
• Examples:
Example:
METALLIC BONDING
• ____________________ attraction
force between the sea of electrons
and the positively- charged metal ions
formed the__________________
____________________________
Example:
43
Similarities and Differences Between Ionic bond and Covalent Bond

Similarities Involve the ________________ electron only

Atoms achieve stable ______________ or _______________ electron arrangement

Ionic bond Covalent bod

________________ of electron ______________ of electron
Differences

Between ____________ atoms and __________ atom Between ______________ atoms

Forms a __________________________ ion and a Forms a ____________________

_____________________________ ion

___________ melting and boiling point _______________ melting and boiling point

Stronger __________________force of attraction Weaker___________________ force of attraction

Example: Example:

44
Properties of Ionic bond and Covalent Compound

Property Ionic compound Covalent compound

High Low
Melting and boiling points

• ___________ ions and ___________ ions • Molecules are held together by a weak
are held together by a strong electrostatic ___________________ force.(Van der Walls)
force.


• More __________ energy is required to

• More _______ energy is required to overcome this attraction.
overcome this attraction.

Electricity in molten or aqueous solution. Does not conduct electricity at any states
conductivities,

• Compound in molten or aqueous • Compound consists of _________________

Electrical

solution, • ________ free moving ions.



_____________________________. • Cannot carry electric charge.

• ________ can carry the electrical charge.

• ______________ in water


• ______________ in water
Solubility

• __________________ in Organic • __________________ in Organic solvent

solvent

Low High
Volatility


Ions are held together by ___________________ molecules are held by _________________________.

45