Discharge Rate vs Size

End-User
Applications

Source:
EPRI
Lithium Ion Battery
Lithium Ion Battery, cont.

AES Storage LLC’s Laurel

Mountain Energy Storage supplies
32 MW of regulation in PJM
territory using Li-ion batteries.
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity
Storage Handbook
Lithium Ion Battery, cont.

A 30 kW/34 kWh Distributed Energy Storage Unit being installed at the Anatolia
SolarSmart Homes in SMUD territory.
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook
Lithium Ion Battery, cont.

Residential Energy
Storage and Energy
Management System
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage Handbook
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Principles of the
Vanadium Redox
Battery
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage
Handbook
Vanadium Redox Flow
Battery, cont.

Prudent Energy 600-

kW/3,600-kWh VRB-
ESS Installed at Gills
Onions, Oxnard, CA
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage
Handbook
Zinc Bromine Flow Battery

The Zinc-bromine battery is another type of flow battery in which

the zinc is solid when charged and dissolved when discharged

Zinc-bromine Cell Configuration

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook
Zinc Bromine Flow
Battery, cont.

A 90-kW/180-kWh Zinc-
bromine Energy Storage
System by RedFlow
Housed in a 20 foot
shipping container.
Source DOE/EPRI 2013
Electricity Storage Handbook
Iron Chromium Flow Battery

Principles of Operation
of an Iron-Chromium
Battery Energy Storage
System. Source:
DOE/EPRI 2013 Energy
Storage Handbook.
Iron Chromium Flow Battery

Photo Courtesy of EnerVault.

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook
Performance

Source: IEC Electric Energy Storage White Paper

[1]https://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/1710-Text.pdf
[2]https://www.pge.com/pge_global/common/pdfs/about-pge/environment/what-we-are-doing/electric-program-investment-charge/PGE-EPIC-Project-1.02.pdf
[3]https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RMI-TheEconomicsOfBatteryEnergyStorage-FullReport-FINAL.pd