CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
CHEMICAL REACTION
A process in which one or more substance, also
called reactants, are converted to one or more
different substances, known as products.
COLLISION THEORY
According to this theory, for a chemical reaction to proceed,
there should be an effective collision between the reactant
particles.
For this to occur, two requirements should be met.
1. Reactants must be in their proper
orientation.
2. Molecules must possess minimum amount of
energy.
REACTANTS MUST BE IN
THEIR PROPER
ORIENTATION.
Proper orientation or alignments of the
reactant particles allows for effective
bond formation during collision.
Particles that are not properly oriented
bounce back unreacted; hence, no
products are formed.
 This figure depicts the possibilities of a reaction between a nitrosyl (NOCl) molecule
and a chlorine atom (Cl) according to the equation: NOCl+Cl →NO+
 The reactions occur when the free Cl atom directly collides with the Cl atom of the
NOCl molecule. If the Cl atom collides with either the O or N atom, no reactions occur.
MOLECULES MUST POSSESS
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF ENERGY.
The energy that the reactant particles must
possess to initiate the reaction is referred to as
Activation Energy (). This energy can be
illustrated using an analogy: Suppose there is a
hump on a path. For a reaction to occur,
reacting particles must possess enough energy
to jump over the hump.
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF
REACTION
Chemical reactions can be affected by the
following factors:
Temperature
Concentration
Surface area
Catalyst
 TEMPERATURE
At any given temperature, some
particles travel fast while others do
slowly. If the temperature of a
reaction system is increased, the
average speed of the reaction is
also increased. This means that at
higher temperature, the more
collisions can happen between and
among particles with an energy
that is sufficient enough to surpass
the activation energy of the
reaction.
CONCENTRATION
Increasing the concentration means increasing the amount
of reacting species per unit volume. This increases the
probability of collision between the reactant particles
because they are closer together.
SURFACE AREA
Do you know that for the same mass of a solid, smaller
particles have bigger total surface area than a large particle?

The greater the surface area, the greater the frequency of

collisions between reacting particles; hence, the faster
reaction.
CATALYST
Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a
reaction by providing an alternative pathway for the
reaction to occur; that is, one with a lower activation
energy. A catalyst remains chemically unchanged at
the end of the reaction.
 2 TYPES OF CATALYSIS

Heterogenous catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis
 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST
Uses a catalyst that is of a different phase
from that of the reactants and products.
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Uses a catalyst of the same phase as that
of the reactants and products.
EXAMPLES OF CATALYSTS
 Ptyalin in saliva-breaks down starch into dextrin and
maltose
 Sucrase in intestinal juice-breaks down sucrose into
glucose and fructose
 Lactase in intestinal juice-breaks down lactose into
glucose and galactose
 Pepsin in gastric juice- breaks down proteins into smaller
peptides.
SEATWORK:
What is collision theory about?
How does the collision theory explain the effects of
concentration, temperature and surface area on the
rate of a reaction?
How does a catalyst affect the rate of a reaction?