THERMODYNAMICS

Session 3 UNIT-3
Entropy

Dr. p. Nithish Reddy

M.Tech,Ph.D
Associate Professor, ME,SNIST
 Summary
What is entropy ?
• A close look at the microscopic nature of matter will give us a
better idea about this useful property.

• It can be viewed as a measure of disorder or molecular disorder or

molecular randomness. As the system becomes more disordered,
the position of the molecules becomes less predictable and the
entropy increases.
• The entropy is the lowest in the solid phase and the
highest in the gas phase.
Example:

A paddle wheel in a gas tank A rotating shaft used for lifting a

We cannot extract any useful work weight
directly from disorganized Organized energy(rotating
energy(gas in tank) solid shaft)
• Even though the quantity of energy is always preserved during
an actual process its quality is bound to be degraded.

• The degradation in quality is always accompanied by an increase in

entropy.
• Heat is a form of disorganized energy and flow of heat always
carries some entropy with it. This causes the entropy , or the level
of molecular disorder, of a hot body to decrease and that of a cold
body to increase.
• The work, being an organized form of energy, is free of disorder or
randomness & thus free of entropy.
There is no entropy transfer
associated with energy transfer as
work .

Example 1:
In the absence of friction, raising a
weight by a rotating shaft does not
create any disorder (entropy), and
thus energy is not degraded during
this process.
Example 2:
No entropy accompanies work as
it crosses the system boundary.
But entropy may be generated
within the system as work is
dissipated into a less useful form
of energy
Problem No.1. Two kg of air is heated from 27 0C to 427 0C while the
pressure changes from
100 kPa to 600 kPa.
Calculate the change of entropy.
R = 0.257 kJ / kg K, Cp = 1.005 kJ / kg K.
Solution:
Given : m = 2 kg , T1 = 27 + 273 = 300K,
T2 = 427 + 273 = 700K
P1 = 100 kPa, P2 = 600 kPa

The general equation used for the calculation of change of entropy is given by,

T2 P2
ΔS air  S 2  S1  m c pln  m R ln
T1 P1
 700   600 
 2 1.005 ln    2  0.257 ln 
 300   100 

 0.7821kJ/ K
Problem No.2. One kg of water at 273 K is brought into contact with a heat
reservoir at 373 K. When the water has reached 373 K, find the entropy change
of water, the heat reservoir and of the universe.

The entropy of water would increase

by absorbing heat and that of
reservoir decrease due to heat loss.

Entropy change of universe =Entropy

change of water(system)+ Entropy
change of surroundings(Reservoir)
By bringing water in contact with reservoir heat transfer takes place from
reservoir to water till water achieves reservoir temperature.
Say T1 is initial temp of water and T2 is final temp of water
a) Entropy change of water
T2
dT T2
ΔS water   m cp  m c pln
T1
T T1
373
 1 4.187 ln  1.3068 kJ /K
273
b) Entropy change of reservoir

Amount of heat lost by the reservoir to water is given by,

Q  mc p T2  T1   1 4.187 373  273   418.7 kJ

The temperature of the reservoir remains same irrespective of the
amount of the heat withdrawn.
Therefore, Entropy change of reservoir,

Q 418.7
ΔSreservoir     1.1225 kJ/K
T2 373
( -ve sign indicates decrease in entropy )
c) Entropy change of the universe

ΔSuniverse  ΔS water  ΔSreservoir

 1.3068  1.1225  0.1843 kJ/K
Problem No.3. Ten grams of water at 20 0C is converted into ice at - 10 0C at
constant atmospheric pressure. Calculate the total entropy change of the
system.
Assuming specific heat of liquid water to remain constant at 4.184 J / g 0C and
that of ice to be half of this value, and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at
0 0C to be 335 J / g .
Solution: Given m = 10 gm,
Water is available at temperature T1 = 20 0C = 293 K
Cp (water) = 4.184 J / g 0C = 4.184 kJ / kg 0C
Ice is to be formed at temperature T4 = -10 0C = 263 K
Cp(ice) = ½ x 4.184 J / g 0C = ½ x 4.184 kJ / kg 0C
Total entropy change of water (system)
as it is converted into ice will be,

ΔS Total  ΔSI  ΔSII  ΔSIII        (1)

a) ΔSI

i.e Entropy change of the system as it is ∆SIII ∆SII ∆SI

cooled from 20 0C to 0 0C.
273
dT 273 10 273
ΔSI   mc p  mc p ln   4.184 ln
293
T 293 1000 293
  2.958 10 3 kJ/K
b) ΔSII i.e. entropy change of water at 0 0
C.to become ice at 0
0
C

mQ L 10 335
ΔSII       0.0123 kJ/K
T 1000 273
c) ΔSIII i.e. entropy change of ice as it is cooled from 0 0C to -10 0C

263
dT 263 10 4.184 263
ΔSIII  
273
mc p(ice)
T
 mc p(ice) ln 
273 1000

2
ln
273
  7.807 10  4 kJ/K
Therefore total entropy change of water as it is converted into
ice will be

ΔS Total  ΔSI  ΔSII  ΔSIII

  2.958  10 3  ( 0.0123)  ( 7.807  10  4 )
  0.01604 kJ/K
Problem No.4. One kg of ice at -5 0C is exposed to the atmosphere
which is at 20 0C. The ice melts and comes into thermal equilibrium
with the atmosphere.
i) Determine the entropy increase of the universe.

Solution:
 Calculating Entropy change for Ice
a) ΔSI , entropy change of the system (ice) as it is heated
from -5 0C to 0 0C.

273
dT 273 273
ΔSI 
268
 mc p
T
 mc p ln
268
 1 2.093 ln
268
 0.0389 kJ/K

b) ΔSII , entropy change of the system (ice) as it melts at 0 0C

to become water at 0 0C.
333.3
ΔSII   1.22 kJ/K
273
 c) ΔSIII , entropy change of water as it is heated from 0
0
C to 20 0C

293
dT 293 293
ΔSIII  
273
mc p
T
 mc p ln
273
 1 4.187 ln
273
 0.296 kJ/K
Therefore total entropy change of ice as it melts into water will be

ΔS Total  ΔSI  ΔSII  ΔSIII  0.0389  1.22  0.296

 1.5594 kJ/K
Calculating Entropy change for atmosphere

Heat absorbed by ice from the atmosphere is given by,

Q  Heat absorbedin solid phase  Latent heat
 Heat absorbedin liquid phase
 1 2.093 (0  ( 5))  1 333.3  1 4.187  (20  0)
 427.5 kJ

Calculating Entropy change of the atmosphere (T=C)

Q 427.5
ΔS atmosphere     1.46 kJ/K
T 293
And entropy change of universe will be,

ΔS universe  ΔS system  ΔS atmosphere

 1.5594  1.46  0.0949 kJ / K
Problem No.5. Two kg of water at 80 0C are mixed adiabatically
with 3 kg of water at 30 0C in a constant pressure process of 1
atmosphere. Find the increase in the entropy of the total mass of
water due to mixing process. Cp of water = 4.187 kJ / kg K.

Solution:
Subsystem 1
2 kg of water at 80 0C
Subsystem 2
3 kg of water at 30 0C

And t1› t2
Let tf be the equilibrium temperature of the mixture of two
subsystems (t2 ‹ tf ‹ t1)
Since energy interaction is exclusively confined to the two fluids,
the system being isolated.

Heat lost by subsystem1=Heat gained by subsystem2

m1c p1 t1  t f   m 2c p2 t f  t 2  therefore
m1c p1t1  m 2c p2 t 2
tf 
m1c p1  m 2c p2
since Cp1= Cp2 , tf the final equilibrium temp will be given by

m1t1  m2 t 2 (2  80)  (3  30)

tf    50 0 C
m1  m2 (2  3)

Entropy change for the fluid subsystem 1,

Tf
dT Tf 323
ΔS1   m1c p  m1c p ln  2  4.187 ln
T1
T T1 353
  0.7437 kJ/K

This will be negative since heat is lost Tf  T1

Entropy change for the fluid subsystem 2,

Tf
dT Tf 323
ΔS 2   m 2c p  m 2c p ln  3  4.187 ln
T2
T T2 303
 0.8028 kJ/K

Increase in the entropy of the total mass of water due to mixing

ΔS  ΔS1  ΔS 2   0.7437  0.8028  0.0591kJ/ K

Since ΔS + ve definite, the mixing process is irreversible.

Problem No.6.
A 5 kg copper block at a temperature of 200 0C is dropped into an insulated
tank containing 100 kg of oil at a temperature of 30 0C. Find the increase in
entropy of the universe due to this process when copper block and the oil
reach thermal equilibrium. Assume that the specific heats of copper and oil
are respectively 0.4 kJ /Kg K and 2.1 kJ /Kg K.

Solution:

Copper block Oil

tc = 200 0C toil = 30 0C
mc = 5 kg moil = 100 kg
Ccopper block = 0.4 kJ /Kg K C oil = 2.1 kJ /Kg K
Let tm be the final temperature of the contents of the tank. We have for the
energy balance
Heat lost by copper block = Heat gained by the tank

mc c copper block t c  t m   moilc oil t m  t o  therefore

mc c copper block t c  moilc oil t 0
tf 
mc c copper block  moilc oil
(5  0.4  200)  ( 100  2.1 30) 0
  31.6 C
(5  0.4)  ( 100  2.1)
Now, entropy change for copper block is,
Tm
dT Tm
ΔS copper block  m
Tc
c c copper block
T
 mc c copperblock ln
Tc
(31.6  273)
 5  0.4 ln   0.8802 kJ/K
(200  273)

Entropy change for oil is

Tm
dT Tm (31.6  273)
ΔS oil  m
T0
oil c oil
T
 moil c oil ln
To
 100  2.1ln
(30  273)
 1.106 kJ/K
Therefore change in entropy of the final contents of the
vessel (universe),

ΔS Vessel  ΔS copper block  ΔS oil

  0.8802  1.106  0.2258 kJ/ K
Problem No.7. A reversible engine as shown in figure during a cycle of
operation draws 5MJ from the 400 K reservoir and does 840 kJ of work.
Find the amount and direction of heat interaction with other reservoirs.

Solution:
Let us assume that Q2 and Q3 are
the heat rejected by the engine to
the reservoir at 300 K and 200 K
respectively
From the Clausius theorem we have
δQ Q1 Q 2 Q3
 T
0 i.e.
T1

T2

T3
 0    (1)

And also, Q1  W  Q 2  Q 3    (2)

Consider equation (1),
Q1  5 MJ, T1  400 K, T2  300 K , T3  200 K
Using –ve sign for heat rejected in the equation, we have

5x10 6 Q2 Q3 Q2 Q3
   0 i.e. 12500   0
400 300 200 300 200
2Q 2  3Q3  12500  600  7500000  (3)

and equation (2) gives,

6 3
Q 2  Q 3  5  10  840  10  4160000      (4)

Solving equations (3) and (4), we get

Q 3   0.82 MJ and Q 2   4.98 MJ

Therefore the direction of heat interaction with the reservoirs are as

follows
 Problem No.8.
Air in a compressor is compressed from P1 to P2 at a constant temperature of
300 C. The temperature during compression is maintained constant as a
result of heat transfer to the surrounding medium which is at 220 C. If the
power input to the compressor is 12 kW, determine the rate of change in
entropy of a) the air, and b) the surroundings. Check whether the process
satisfies the second law of thermodynamics.

Solution:
Given: T air= 300 C = 303 K and T surroundings= 220 C = 295 K
Applying the first law,

. . dU
δQ δW 
dt
dU
Since temperature is constant 0
dt
. .
Therefore δQ  δW  12 kW

Rate of change of Entropy for air

.
δQ 12
    0.0396 kW/K
Tair 303
Rate of change of Entropy for surroundin gs
.
δQ 12
   0.04068 kW/K
Tsurr 295

.
ΔS total   0.0396  0.04068
 0.00108 kJ/K

.
Since ΔS total  0 , the process satisfies
second law of thermodynamics
 REFERENCES
1. Engineering Thermodynamics by D.B.Spalding and E.H.Cole, ELBS, Third
Edition

2. Fundamentals of Classical thermodynamics by G.J.Van Wylen and R.E.

Sonntag, John Wiley and Sons, Third Edition

3. Fundamentals of Engineering thermodynamics by

E.Rathakrishnan, PHI, 2000
4. Engineering thermodynamics Work and Heat Transfer by
Gordon Rogers and Yon Mayhew, Pearson Education,
Fourth edition.

5. Engineering thermodynamics with applications by

M. David Burghardt, HIE, Third Edition

6. Engineering thermodynamics by C.P.Gupta and

R.Prakash, Nemchand and Brothers
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Pearson Education, Fifth edition

8. Engineering Thermodynamics by P. K. Nag, Tata McGraw-

Hill Publishing Company Limited, Eighth Reprint 1989

9. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html
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