Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors

• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors 2

 Introduction
• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit
elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy
only and they can neither generate nor
dissipate energy.

Capacitors and Inductors 3

 Michael Faraday (1771-1867)

Capacitors and Inductors 4

 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

εA
C
d
   r 0
 0  8.854  10 12 (F/m)

Capacitors and Inductors 5

 εA
C
d
• Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.

Capacitors and Inductors 6

 (a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

Capacitors and Inductors 7

 Variable capacitors

Capacitors and Inductors 8

Capacitors and Inductors 9
Capacitors and Inductors 10
 Charge in Capacitors
• The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q  Cv
q Linear
1F  1 C/V Nonlinear

Capacitors and Inductors 11

 Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
• Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.

Capacitors and Inductors 12

 I-V Relation of Capacitor

dq dv
+ i q  Cv, i  C
C
dt dt
v

Capacitors and Inductors 13

 Physical Meaning
+
dv i
iC C
dt v

-
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
Capacitors and Inductors 14
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.

Abrupt change
Capacitors and Inductors 15
 dv 1 t + i
iC v(t )   idt
C   v()  0 
dt v C

1 t
v(t )   idt  v(to )
C to
 v(to)  q(to) / C  -

• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.

Capacitors and Inductors 16

 Energy Storing in Capacitor

1 2
w(t )  Cv (t )
2
q 2 (t )
w(t )  + i
2C
v C

Capacitors and Inductors 17

 Example 1

(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF

capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

Capacitors and Inductors 18

 Example 1

Solution:
(a) Since q  Cv,
12
q  3  10  20  60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1 12
w  Cv   3  10  400  600pJ
2 2

Capacitors and Inductors 19

 Example 2
• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t )  10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
• By definition, the current is
dv 6 d
iC  5  10 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
 5 10 6  6000 10 sin 6000t  0.3 sin 6000t A

Capacitors and Inductors 20

 Example 3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
3000t
i (t )  6e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:
• Since v  1 t idt  v(0) and v(0)  0,

C 0
1 t 3000 t
3
3  10 3000t t
v 6 0
6 e 3
dt  10  e
2  10  3000 0

3000t
 (1  e )V
Capacitors and Inductors 21
 Example 4
• Determine the current through a 200- F
capacitor whose voltage is shown in the figure.

Capacitors and Inductors 22

 Example 4

Solution:
• The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

Capacitors and Inductors 23

 Example 4
• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t )  200  10   
50 3t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise

• Thus the current waveform is shown at the

next slide.

Capacitors and Inductors 24

 Example 4

Capacitors and Inductors 25

 Example 5
• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor
under dc condition.

Capacitors and Inductors 26

 Example 5

Solution:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit. By current division,
3
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 2 1 3 2
 w1  C1v1  (2  10 )(4)  16mJ
2 2
1 2 1 3 2
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 )(8)  128mJ
2 2
Capacitors and Inductors 27
 C eq  C1  C 2  C 3  ....  C N

Capacitors and Inductors 28

 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
   C K   Ceq
 k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C 2  C3  ....  C N
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
Capacitors and Inductors 29
 1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

Capacitors and Inductors 30

 Series Capacitors
v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id  ( C1  C2  C3  ...  CN )id
q(t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN
• The equivalent capacitance of series-
connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.
1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2
Capacitors and Inductors 31
 Summary
• These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-
△ connection and its transformation

Capacitors and Inductors 32

 Example 6
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit shown

Capacitors and Inductors 33

 Example 6

Solution:
 20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series:
20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20F
30  60
Capacitors and Inductors 34
 Example 7
• For the circuit shown, find the voltage across
each capacitor.

Capacitors and Inductors 35

 Example 7

Capacitors and Inductors 36

 Example 7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors:
1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
• Total charge 60 30 20

3
q  Ceq v  10  10  30  0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF
capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)

Capacitors and Inductors 37

 Example 7
• Therefore, q 0 .3
v1   3
 15 V,
C1 20  10
q 0.3
v2   3
 10 V
C2 30  10
• Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
• Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors
are in parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and their
combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
q 0 .3
 v3   3
 5V
Capacitors and Inductors
60mF 60  10 38
 Joseph Henry (1779-1878)

Capacitors and Inductors 39

 Inductors
• An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

2
N A
L
l

Capacitors and Inductors 40

 N 2 A
L
l
   r 0
 0  4  10 7 (H/m)

N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core

Capacitors and Inductors 41

 (a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

Capacitors and Inductors 42

 Flux in Inductors
• The relation between the flux in inductor and
the current through the inductor is given
below.   Li
ψ Linear
1H  1 Weber/A
Nonlinear

Capacitors and Inductors 43

 Energy Storage Form
• An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.

Capacitors and Inductors 44

 I-V Relation of Inductors
i
• An inductor consists of
+
a coil of conducting
wire. d di
v L v
L
dt dt
-

Capacitors and Inductors 45

 Physical Meaning
d di
v L
dt dt
• When the current through an inductor is a constant,
then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.

Capacitors and Inductors 46

• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
• The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.

Capacitors and Inductors 47

 1 1 t
di  vdt i   v(t ) dt
L L  +

1 t v
L
i   v(t )dt  i (to )
L to -

The inductor has memory.

Capacitors and Inductors 48

 Energy Stored in an Inductor
 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 
t  di 
t
v
L
w   pdt    L idt
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
 L i (  ) i di  Li (t )  Li () i ()  0,
2 2
• The energy stored in an inductor
1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
2
Capacitors and Inductors 49
 Model of a Practical Inductor

Capacitors and Inductors 50

 Example 8
• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v  L and L  0.1H,
dt
d
v  0.1 (10te 5t )  e 5t  t (5)e 5t  e 5t (1  5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w  Li  (0.1)100t 2 e 10t  5t 2 e 10t J
2 2
Capacitors and Inductors 51
 Example 9
• Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t  0
v(t )  
 0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
Solution: 1 t
Since i  t v(t )dt  i (t0 ) and L  5H.
L 0

1 t 2 t3
i  0 30t dt  0  6   2t 3 A
5 3
Capacitors and Inductors 52
 Example 9
5
The power p  vi  60t , and the energy stored is then
6
5 t 5
5
w   pdt  0 60t dt  60  156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2 1
w(5)  w(0)  Li (5)  Li (0)
2 2
1 3 2
 (5)(2  5 )  0  156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
Capacitors and Inductors 53
 Example 10
• Consider the circuit
shown. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.

Capacitors and Inductors 54

 Example 10

Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor  open circuit
inductor  short circuit
12
i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
1 5
(b) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(102 )  50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1 2
wL  Li  (2)(2 )  4J
2 2
Capacitors and Inductors 55
 Inductors in Series

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN

Capacitors and Inductors 56

 Inductors in Parallel

1 1 1 1
  
Leq L1 L2 LN

Capacitors and Inductors 57

 Series and Parallel Inductors

• Applying KVL to the loop,

v  v1  v2  v3  ...  v N
• Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di di di di
v  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
dt dt dt dt
di
 ( L1  L2  L3  ...  LN )
dt
 N
 di di
   LK   Leq
 K 1  dt dt
Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
Capacitors and Inductors 58
 Parallel Inductors
• Using KCL, i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
• But ik  1 tt vdt  ik (t0 )
Lk o

1 t 1 t 1 t
i  t vdt  i1 (t0 )  t vdt  is (t0 )  ...  t vdt  iN (t0 )
Lk 0
L2 0 LN 0

1 1 1 t
    ...   t vdt  i1 (t0 )  i2 (t0 )  ...  iN (t0 )
 L1 L2 LN  0

N 1t N
1 t
    t vdt   ik (t0 )   vdt  i (t0 )
 k 1 Lk  Leq
0 t 0
k 1

Capacitors and Inductors 59

• The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.

Capacitors and Inductors 60

Capacitors and Inductors 61
 Example 11
• Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown.

Capacitors and Inductors 62

 Example 11
• Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
 42H
7  42
Parallel :  6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H

Capacitors and Inductors 63

 Practice Problem 11

Capacitors and Inductors 64

 Example 12
• For the circuit in the figure, i (t )  4(2  e 10t )mA.
If i2 (0)  1 mA, find : (a) i (0)
1

(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

Capacitors and Inductors 65

 Example 12

Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t )  4(2  e )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA.
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA
(b) The equivalentinductanceis
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H
di 10 t 10 t
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)(10)e mV  200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e mV  80e mV
dt
10 t
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e mV
Capacitors and Inductors 66
 Example 12
1 t
(c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
10 t t
 3e  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
12 12 0

10 t t 10 t 10 t

 e  1mA  e  1  1  e mA
0
Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )
Capacitors and Inductors 67