PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

BY
IPSITA MOHANTY
ASST.PROF ,MED
 TYPES OF SOLIDS
POLYHEDRA SOLIDS OF REVOLUTIONS
TETRAHEDRON CYLINDERS
CUBE CONE
PRISM SPHERE
PYRAMIDS
 NOMENCLATURE OF PRISMS

Face is also rectangular face or vertical face

Edge is also called longer edge
Edge of base is also called shorter edge For a cube ,All edges are equal in length.
Base is same as face and vice versa
NOMENCLATURE OF PYRAMIDS
NOMENCLATURE OF CONES AND CYLINDERS
 CASES IN PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

CASE 1 : PROJECTION OF SOLIDS IN SIMPLE POSITION

A. AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO HP /BASE IN HP

B. AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO VP /BASE IN VP
C. AXIS PARALLEL TO BOTH HP AND VP

CASE 2 : PROJECTION OF SOLID WITH AXIS INCLINED TO ONE PLANE AND PARALLEL TO OTHER

D. AXIS INCLINED TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP

E. AXIS INCLINED TO VP AND PARALLEL TO HP

CASE 3: PROJECTION OF SOLIDS WITH AXIS INCLINED TO BOTH HP AND VP..

 CASE 1 : PROJECTION OF SOLIDS IN SIMPLE POSITION( IMPORTANT POINTS)

1. A SOLID IN SIMPLE POSITION MAY HAVE -

 AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE (BASE IN THAT PLANE)
 AXIS PARALLEL TO BOTH HP AND VP

2.WHEN AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE,IT IS PARALLE TO THE OTHER..

3. WHEN AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO A PLANE , ITS BASE IS PARLLEL TO THAT PLANE.

SO THE TRUE SHAPE AND SIZE OF BASE IS SEEN HERE IN THIS PLANE ..

4. IF AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO HP OR IT IS GIVEN THAT BASE IS IN HP THEN TV SHOWS TRUE SHAPE OF BASE. WE SHOULD
START BY DRAWING TOP VIEW FIRST AND PROJECT THE FRONT VIEW FROM IT.

5. IF AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO VP OR IT IS GIVEN THAT BASE IN VP ,FV SHOWS TRUE SHAPE OF BASE. WE SHOULD START BY
DRAWING FRONT VIEW FIRST AND PROJECT THE TOP VIEW FROM IT.
VP

HERE AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO HP, PARALLEL TO

VP..
SO, BASE IS PARALLEL TO HP ..
TRUE SHAPE OF BASE IS SEEN IN HP

HP
TRUE SHAPE OF BASES – PYRAMIDS

TOP VIEW
(DRONE VIEW)

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
OF TRUE SHAPE OF BASE
 TRUE SHAPE OF BASES – PRISMS

TOP VIEW WHEN WE TRY TO SEE THE TOP VIEW

ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWING AND
HERE AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO HP, PARALLEL TO VP.. NAMING OF BASE
SO, BASE IS PARALLEL TO HP ..
TRUE SHAPE OF BASE IS SEEN IN HP(TOP VIEW)
TRUE SHAPE OF BASES – PYRAMIDS AND PRISMS (ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS)

IN PRISMS
IN PYRAMIDS
SHAPE OF THE BASE VISIBLE
SLANT EDGES ,SHAPE OF BASE AND APEX
VISIBLE
6. WHEN AXIS IS PARALLEL TO BOTH HP AND VP,NEITHER TOP
VIEW OR FRONT VEW WILL SHOW THE TRUE SHAPE OF BASE

IN SUCH CASE SIDE VIEW MUST BE DRAWN FIRST..

I,E PROJECTION OF PLANE ONAUXILARY PLANE IS DRAWN FIRST.
THE FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW ARE THEN DRAWN FROM THE
SIDE VIEW.

PROJECTION IN SUCH CASES ARE DRAWN IN TWO STAGES

 RULES FOR DRAWING

STEP 1
DRAW THE TRUE SHAPE OF BASE
IN MANY QUESTIONS IT WILL BE DIRECTLY MENTIONED BASE IS IN WHICH PLANE . WE START BY
DRAWING TS OF BASE IN THAT PLANE BASED ON THE DATA GIVEN ..
STEP 2
DRAW THE TRUE SHAPE OF SOLID ( THAT MEANS SHOW THE
HEIGHT )
STEP 3
TILT THE SOLID (FOR QUESTION 36-42)
 POINTS TO KNOW FOR STEP NO 2

FOR SOLIDS LIKE PRISMS AND CYLINDERS ,SINCE THEY HAVE TWO BASES --
PROJECTORS FROM ALL POINTS SHOULD BE DRAWN TILL XY LINE (TO MARK BASE NO 1)
THEN THESE PROJECTORS SHOULD BE EXTENDED FURTHER TO A HEIGHT EQUAL TO THAT OF
AXIS SO THAT BASE NO 2 POINTS CAN BE MARKED .

FOR CONES AND PYRAMIDS SINCE ONLY ONE BASE IS THERE ---
EXTEND PROJECTORS FROM POINTS TILL XY. FROM XY EXTEND ONLY THE PROJECTOR FROM
CENTRE/APEX TO A HEIGHT EQUAL TO AXIS LENGTH.

IF FV FOR CONES/PYRAMID IS TRUE SHAPE OF BASE THEN THE

TV IS TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE. AND VICE VERSA

FOR PRISMS/CYLINDERS
IF FV IS THE TRUE SHAPE OF BASE THEN TV IS RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE AND VICE VERSA ..
RULES FOR JOINING THE POINTS FOR THE FINAL
VIEW .FOLLOW THE SEQUENCE

1.DRAW THE OUTLINE FIRST(MAKE THEM DARK/THICK)

2. DRAW THE BASE
3. DRAW THE EDGES. (CYLINDERS AND CONES DON’T HAVE
EDGES .THEY HAVE GENERATORS. SINCE THERE CAN BE MANY
GENERATORS IN A GIVEN SPACE THEY ARE SHOWN AS PROJECTOR LINES
ONLY.. I.e. THEY ARE NOT MADE SOLID/DASHED LINES.. THEY ARE THIN
CONTINEOUS LINES )

4. DRAW THE AXIS

IN THE TOP VIEW 6-f, 2-b, 5-
e,3-c are generators and not
edges .. So they are made
thin continuous lines and
not dark lines like the green
one.
STEP 1 - ( WHEN POSITION OF BASE IS NOT GIVEN WHERE TO DRAW THE TRUE SHAPE OF BASE)
STEP 1 - ( WHEN POSITION OF BASE IS NOT GIVEN ,WHERE TO DRAW THE TRUE SHAPE OF
BASE)
TYPES OF LINES
1. CONTIEOUS LINES (THICK LINES… 0. 50/060 THICK IN AUTOCAD )
SHOWS THE OUTLINE AND VISIBLE EDGES )

2. HIDDEN LINE (THIN LINES .. 0.20 MM THICKNESS INAUTOCAD)

SHOWS THE EDGES THAT ARE PPRESENT BUT IS NOT VISIBLE TO US IN
A PARTICULAR VIEW.

3. CENTRE LINE (THIN LINES .. 0.20 MM THICKNESS INAUTOCAD)

SHOWS THE AXIS OR CENTRE LINE
GREEN LINE IS CENTRE
LINE

PINK DASHED LINE IS

HIDDEN LINE

YELLOW LINES ARE

OUTLINES AND VISIBLE
EDGES
CASE 2 : PROJECTION OF SOLID WITH AXIS INCLINED TO ONE PLANE AND
PARALLEL TO OTHER