Drill String Design & BHA

Design
• I. Introduction to Drill String
Design

• II. Drill String Components

– Drill Collars
– Drill Pipe
– HWDP

• III. Drill String Design

– Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
– Drill Pipe Selection
– Buckling and max WOB
 Objectives

• At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to

describe:
– Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and
BHA selection
– Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
– Thread types and tool-joints
– Drill collar weight and neutral point
– Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
– Margin Of Overpull
– Basic design calculations based on depth to be
drilled.
– Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers.
 Agend
•
a
I. Definitions Mechanical properties of
steel
• II. Introduction to Drill String Design:
Overview
• III. Drill String Components
– Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
• IV. Drill String Design
– Bottom Hole Assembly Design
– Drill Pipe Selection
– Buckling and max WOB
 Definitions Mechanical Properties of
Steel
• Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain =
30,000,000
• Stress & Strength
Stress = Strength divided by Cross
Section Area
• Strain & stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by
original length
Definitions Mechanical Properties of
Steel
• Elastic Limit
Limit of stress beyond which, when the stress is
removed, the steel will have acquired a permanent
stretch.
• Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a stretch of 0.5% . When
the stress is removed, the steel will have acquired
0.2% of permanent deformation.
• Ultimate Tensile Stress
The stress which will break the steel
Stress and strain
curve
 Functions of the Drill
• String
The drill string is the
mechanical linkage
connecting the drill bit
on bottom to the rotary
drive system on the
surface.
• The drill string serves
the three main
following functions :
1. Transmit and
support axial loads -
WOB
2. Transmit and
support
torsional loads -
rpm
3. Transmit hydraulics
to clean the hole and
cool the bit.
 Drill String
• Components
The Drill String
includes all tubular
equipment between
the Kelly Swivel
and the bit
Kelly
Surface Safety
Valves Drill Pipe
Heavy Walled Drill
Pipe Drill Collar
Jars − Shock Subs −
Bumper Subs
− Junk Baskets −
Accelerators etc…
 The Kelly/Top
• Drive
Strictly speaking, Kelly/
Top drive are not
components of the drill
string; however, they
provide the essential
requirements for
drilling a well:
1) Transmit rotation to
the drill string.
2)Provide access to the
drilling fluid into the
drill string.
3) Support the weight of
the string.
 The
Kelly
• The Kelly is the rotating link between
the rotary table and the drill string.
 Transmits rotation and weight-on-bit to the
drillbit
 Supports the weight of the drillstring
 Connects to the swivel and allow circulation thru
pipe.
• The Kelly comes in lengths ranging from 40
to 54 ft with cross sections such as
hexagonal (most common), square or
triangular.
• Connected to a Kelly Saver Sub
 Kelly
• Cock
The Kelly is usually
provided with two
safety valves, one at
the top and one at
the bottom, called
Kelly cock.
• The Kelly cock is used
to close the inside of
the drillstring in the
event of a kick.
• The upper & lower
Kelly cocks operate
manually.
• IBOP / DPSV are not
run in the drill string
but kept handy on the
rig floor
 Top
•
Drive
The top drive is basically a
combined rotary table and kelly.
• It is powered by a separate motor and
transmits rotation to the drill string directly
without the need for a rotary table.
Advantages over the kelly system:
1. Efficient reaming and back reaming.
2.Circulating while running in hole or pulling out of
hole in stands
3. The kelly system can only do this in singles; ie 30
ft.
 Drill
• Pipe
Function
To serve as a conduit or conductor for
drilling fluid To transmit the rotation
from surface to the bit on bottom
• Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel
or extruded Aluminum Tool joints
attached to each end of the seamless
tube
• Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string
Separate pieces of metal welded to the
seamless tube Thick enough to have pin or
box cut into them
 Drill Pipe
1. Size
Classification
2 3/8” to 6 5/8” − refers to OD of pipe
body
2. Length 1 18 to 22 ft, Range 2 27 to
Range 30ft,
3. Range
E - 75, X −395,
38 to
G 45 ft
− 105, S − 135 the
Grade numbers denote 1000’s of psi minimum
4. yield strength Depending upon the size
Weight of pipe different
5. weight ranges
Class
For example aAPI classification
drill pipe could befor- used pipe 2,
5”, Range
G-105, 19.5ppf, New
 Drill Pipe
Grades
• There are four grades of pipe commonly
used today.
 Used Drill Pipe
•
Classification
Unlike casing and tubing, which are
normally run new, drill pipe is normally
used in a worn condition. It therefore has
Classes:
New: No wear, has never been
used Premium:
Class RemainingRemaining wallthan
wall not less not
less
2: than 80%.
70%. Remaining wall less than
Other
Class details
70%.such as, dents and mashing, slip
3:area mechanical damage, stress induced
diameter variations, corrosion cuts and gouges,
specified on Table 24 ( Classification of Used
Drill Pipe ) of API RP 7G.
 Drillpipe
•
Upsets
Where the pipe joins the tooljoint, the pipe wall
thickness is increased or “upset”.
• This increased thickness is used to decrease the
frequency of pipe failure at the point where the pipe
meets the tool-joint.
• The drill-pipe can have
• Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same )
• External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same )
• Internal and External Upsets (IEU).
 Drill Pipe
Weights
When referring to Drill Pipe Weights, there are four
important ones:
Plain end Weight − Refers to the weight per foot of
the pipe body.
Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard.
( Weight of Range I pipe with connections ) Is used
today to refer a class of Drill pipe.
Adjusted Weight − Refers to the weight per foot of
pipe including the upset but excluding the tool joint
based on a length of 29.4 ft
Approximate Weight − The average weight per foot
of pipe and tool joints of Range II pipe. This
approximate weight is the number to use in Design
calculations.
Calculating Approximate
Weights
Calculating Approximate
Weights
DP Data from Table 7
Spec 7
 API RP
7G
• Table 1-3 New Pipe Data
• Table 4-5 Premium Pipe Data
• Table 6-7 Class Two Pipe Data
• Table 8-9 Tool-joint Data
• Table 10 Make-up Torque Data
• Table 12 Connection
interchangeability
• Table 24 Classification of used DP
 Tool
• Joints
All API tool joints have a minimum yield strength of
120,000 psi regardless of the grade of the drill pipe
they are used on (E, X, G, S)
• API sets tool joint torsional strength at minimum 80%
of the tube torsional strength.
• Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD.
The make up torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional
capacity. The equation for determining make up can be
obtained from the appendix of API RPG7. ( Numeral
A.8.2 ). This equation is rather complex, so the API
developed a series of charts to find the recommended
make up torque to any connection given the tool jt OD
of box and ID of pin. These charts can be found in API
RP 7G ( Figures 1 to 25 )
Make-Up Torque
Charts
 Drill string
•
Connections
The most common thread style in drill pipe is NC
• The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the
pitch diameter, measured at a point 5/8 inches from the
shoulder
• Connection Number is Pitch dia*10 truncated to two
digits

If the pitch diameter is 5.0417

in C This is an NC50
connection

Multiply 5.0417 by 10 C
50.417 Choose first two
digits C 50 Hence NC 50
 NC Drill string
•
Connections
There are 17 NC’s in use : NC-10 (1
1/16”) through NC-77 (7 3/4”)
• Typical sizes: NC 50 for tool joints with 6
1/2” OD for 5” pipe and NC 38 for 4 3/4”
tool joints and 3 1/2” pipe.
• Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A
clearance exists between the crest of one
thread and the root of the mating thread
• Use of Lead based dope vs Copper based
dope for DCs. Not for sealing but for
lubrication, to help make-up and prevent
galling
 Drill
•
Collars
Functions
– To put weight on bit (WOB)
– To keep the drill string from buckling
• Types
– Typically 4 ¾” to 9 ½” OD
– Most commonly in lengths of 30-31
feet
– Square collars where the holes tend to
be crooked
– Spiral collars where there is
chance of getting stuck
(differentially, etc..)
– Collars with elevator and slip
recesses
 More functions of Drill
Collars
1. Protect the Drill string from Bending and
Torsion
2. Help to control direction and inclination of
wells
3. Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
4. Provide Pendulum effect at low WOB
5. Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
6.Improve the probabilities of getting casing in
the hole.
7. Increase bit performance
8. Reduce rough drilling, sticking and jumping
9. As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
 More Types of Drill
Collars Slick Drill Spiral Drill
Collar Collar
In areas where
differential sticking is a
possibility spiral drill
collars and spiral HWDP
should be used in order to
minimize contact area
with the formation.
Drill Collars
Strapping
API Drill Collar
Sizes
 Drill Collar
Connections
Characteristics
• DC connections are rotary shouldered
connections and can mate the various DP
connections
• The shoulder provide the only positive seal
against fluid leakage
• The lubricant is Copper based dope
• The connection is the weakest part of the
entire BHA
• The DC connections go through cycles of
tension- compression and are subject to
bending stresses
• Improper M/U torque, improper or
insufficient lubricant, galling can all lead to
connection failure
 Drill Collar
•
Connections
Stress Relief Features
• Stresses in DC connections are concentrated
at the base of the pin and in the bottom of the
box (stronger)
• DP body bends easily and takes up the majority
of the applied bending stress, DP connections
are therefore subjected to less bending than the
DP body.
• DCs and other BHA components are however
much stiffer than the DPs and much of the
bending stresses are transferred to the
connections.
• These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure
at the connections Stress Relief Groove /
Bore Back
Stress Relief Pin
Feature
Stress Relief Pin & Box
Features
 Drill Collar
Connections
• The stress relief groove is to mitigate the fatigue
cracks where the face and threads would have
otherwise joined
• The Bore Back serves the same purpose at the
bottom of the box
• Stress relief features should be specified on all
BHA connections NC-38 or larger.
• Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended on
connections smaller than NC-38 because they may
weaken the connection’s tensile and torsional
strength.
• Bore Back boxes could be used on smaller connections.
• The Low-Torque face is to increase the compressive
stress at normal M/U torque above that of a regular
face
 Lo- Torq
Feature
• The low torque feature
consists in removing
part of the shoulder
area of the pin and box.
• This allows for lower
make up torque
maintaining
adequate shoulder
loading.
• It is a common feature
in large OD
connections.
 Torsion limits for
DC
Torque is rarely limited by the DC connection
because rotary torque is usually higher in the
DP at surface and lower in the DC at deeper
depths.

• If DC make-up torque >Dp make-up

torque you have no routine problems.
• BH Torque at any point should not exceed
80% of makeup torque for the connections
in the hole to avoid over tightening
connections which can lead to damage of
seals.
 Torque Limits for
•
DC
API recommended
makeup torque for
connections is a
percentage of the
total torsional yield
of the connection
Make Up Torque Tables for
DCs
Heavy Weight Drill
Pipe• Design
– Heavier wall and longer tool joints
– Center wall pad
– Also available in spiral design
• Function
– Used in transition zones between DC and
DP This prevents the DP from buckling
– Can be used in compression (?)
– Used for directional drilling
– Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
– To keep Drill Pipe in tension
– Not to be used for Weight on Bit in
normal circumstances
 Heavy Weight Drill
Pipe
Characteristics
• Has the same OD as a standard drill pipe
but with much reduced inside diameter
(usually 3” for 5” DP) and has an
integral wear pad upset in the middle.
• It is used between standard Drill Pipe
and Drill Collars to provide a smooth
transition between the different
sections of the drillstring components.
• Tool-Joint and Rotary
shouldered connection just
like DP
• HWDP, although stiffer than DP, can
also buckle
 Heavy Weight Drill
Pipe
HWDP in Compression?
• HWDP can be run both in tension and in
compression
BUT!!!
• Manufacturers recommend not to run
HWDP in compression in hole sizes larger
than 12 ¼”
• Experience shows that they should not be
run in compression in Vertical Holes
• If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
– TJOD + 6” > OH diameter
– 2 x TJOD > OH diameter
Stabilize
rs
 Stabilize
•
rs
Reasons for Using Stabilizers:
1. They are used as a fundamental method of
controlling the directional behavior of most
BHAs.
2. Help concentrate the weight of the BHA on the
bit.
3. Minimize bending and vibrations which
cause tool joint wear and damage to BHA
components such as MWDs.
4. Reduce drilling torque by preventing
collar contact with the side of the hole and by
keeping them concentric in the hole. (FG!!)
5. Help preventing differential sticking and key
seating.
 More functions of
Stabilisers
- Drill straighter or vertical holes with
packed assembly at suitable WOB
- Improve the probabilities of getting
casing in the hole.
- Increase bit stability and so bit
performance
Roller
Reamers
• I. Introduction to Drill
String Design: Overview
• II. Drill String Components
– Drill Collars - Drill Pipe -
HWDP
• III. Drill String Design
– Bottom Hole Assembly
Selection
– Drill Pipe Selection
– Buckling and max WOB
 Drill Collar Selection
• Principles
Drill Collar selection is governed by two major
factors:
Weight and Stiffness --- Size!
• Usually the largest OD collar that can be safely run is
the best selection
– More weight available for WOB
– Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth
directional tendencies
– Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
• Usually Shortest BHA possible to
– Reduce handling time at surface
– Minimize # of Connections in the hole
– Minimize total DC in contact with the wall for differential
sticking exposure
 Weigh
t
• BHA Weight must be sufficient for the
planned WOB
• BHA Weight must be sufficient to
account for Buoyancy
• BHA Weight must be sufficient to
account for hole inclination
• BHA Weight must be sufficient so that the
neutral point of axial loads is within the
BHA − with a safety factor of 15%
 BHA
Design
Drill Collar Weight & Neutral Point

• DF for excess
BHA=1.15

• Neutral Point
(NP) to tension
should be in
drill collars
 BHA
Design
• Procedure For Selecting Drill
Collars:
• 1. Determine the buoyancy factor for the
mud weight in use using the formula
below:

• where
– BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
– MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
– 65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
 BHA
• Design
2. Calculate the required collar length to achieve
the desired weight on bit:
DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF*Wdc)
• where:
• WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000)
• BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
• W dc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
• 1.15 =15% safety factor.
• The 15% safety factor ensures that the neutral point
remains within the collars when unforeseen forces
(bounce, minor deviation and hole friction) are
present.
 BHA
Design
• 3. For directional wells:

DC Length = DC Length
Vertical / Cos I
• where: I= Well inclination

Note: that for horizontal wells drill collars

are not normally used and BHA
selection is based entirely on the
prevention of buckling
 Stiffnes
s
• The BHA must have sufficient Stiffness to
stabilize the BHA, optimize ROP and
prevent the formation of Key Seats, ledges
and doglegs
• The larger the DC, the stiffer the BHA

• Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
= л (OD4 − ID4) / 64 x 30.000.000
 Bending Strength
of a given Ratio
•BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin
connection.
•Describes the Balance between two members of a
connection and how they are likely to behave in a
rotational cyclical environment

Where:
Zbox = box section
modulus Zpin = pin
section modulus
D = Outside diameter of pin and
box b = thread root diameter of
box
threads at end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin
threads ¾ of an inch from
shoulder of pin.
d= inside diameter or bore.
Section Modulus for
Connections
 BSR in DC
• Connections
A Connection is said to
be balanced if the BSR
is 2.5
– When BSR is higher tend
to see pin failures
– When BSR is lower tend
to see more box failures
• However, field
experience has shown
that:
– 8” Dc having BSR’s of
2.5 usually fail in the
box
– 4-3/4” DC having BSR as
low as 1.8 very rarely fail
in the box.
BSR in
Connections
 Additional BSR
Guidelines
• High RPM, Soft Formation Small DC (8
in in
12.25 hole or 6 in in 8.25 hole) 2.25-2.75
• Low RPM Hard Formations Large DC
(10 in in 12-1/4 hole 2.5-3.2 (3.4 if using
lo-torq connection)
• Abrasive formations 2.5-3.0
• New DCs 2.75 − more wear resistant
 API BSR
Charts
• Fortunately for you
API have worked the
problem!!!
• Pages 39-44 of Spec
7G list the BSR of
Connections by OD
and ID of the collar
T.H.Hill BSR
Tables
 Stiffness
Ratio
•The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a
transition between 2 types of pipe
• • Based on field experience, in a
transition from one collar or
pipe to another the SR should
not exceed
– 5.5 for routine drilling
– 3.5 for severe or rough drilling

Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube ODs

& IDs, not connections.
 BHA Design
•
Process
• Design the Collars
– Max OD DC which can be handled, fished and
drilled with
– Excess BHA wt
• WOB
• Buoyancy
• Safety factor
– Connection Selection
• BSR
• SR
• Torque capability
– Stabilization and other directional requirements
 Exercise DP-
05
On a land rig we find the following collars:
9” OD x 3” ID − 6 5/8” FH
connection 8” OD x 3” ID − 6 5/8”
REG connection 6 ¼” OD x 2 ¼”
ID − NC46 connection

Given that we will drill a vertical 12 ¼” hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and 65000
pounds in a relatively hard formations, what API collar would you
recommend?

What would your recommendation on BSR be for the connection chosen?

Check your recommended DCs with your recommended BSR.

What would be the SR between the DC and 5” DP

be? Is it acceptable?
If not what would you do?
What would be your final BHA? Length? Buoyed
Weight?
• I. Introduction to Drill
String Design: Overview
• II. Drill String Components
– Drill Collars - Drill Pipe -
HWDP
• III. Drill String Design
– Bottom Hole Assembly
Selection
– Drill Pipe Selection
– Buckling and max WOB
 Drill Pipe Selection
• Principles
Drill Pipe selection is governed by two major
factors:
Size+Weight and Strength
• Usually the Drill Pipe with largest OD and ID is
preferred
– Less pressure loss in the string
– More hydraulics available at the bit
• The Drill Pipe selection must address the following:
– Drill Pipe must allow to drill to TD
– Drill Pipe must support all weight below it (BHA+DP)
– Drill Pipe must provide Over pull capacity
– Drill Pipe must withstand slip crushing force
– Drill Pipe must resist burst and collapse loads
– Drill Pipe might have to work in H2S environment
 Axial
•
Loads
Tension Design
• The greatest tension
(working load Pw) on
the drill string
occurs at the top
joint at the
maximum drilled
depth
 Drill Pipe Selection
•
Parameters
Tension Design
• Total weight, Tsurf,
carried by the top joint
of drill pipe when the
drill bit is just off
bottom

• Ldp = length of Drill

Pipe
• Wdp = weight of Drill
Pipe per unit length
• Ldc = weight of Drill
Collars
• Wdc = weight of Drill
Collars per unit length
 Drill Pipe Selection
• Parameters
Tension Design
• The drill string is not designed according to the minimum yield strength!!! If
Drill Pipe reaches yield:
– Drill Pipe can have permanent deformation.
• To prevent deformation damage to drill pipe, API recommends the use of
maximum allowable design load ( Pa)
• Tmax = 0.9 x Tyield ….(2)
• Tmax = Max. allowable design load in tension , lb
• Tyield = theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb
• 0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength
• IPM Defines a tension Design factor of 1.1 be
applied to design loads. These accomplish the
same thing.
• Do not double dip!
 Margin of Over
Pull
• Margin of over pull is nominally 50Klb-
100Klb, or in the limit of the difference
between the maximum allowable load
less the actual load
• Choice of MOP should consider
– Overall drilling conditions
– Hole drag
– Likelihood of getting stuck
– Slip crushing
– Dynamic loading
 Drill Pipe Selection
Parameters
• Margin of Overpull
1.Determine max design load (Tmax) : (maximum
load that drillstring should be designed for)
Tmax = 0.9 x Minimum Yield Strength … lb
Class of pipe must be considered
 Drill Pipe Selection
Parameters
• Margin of Overpull
• 2. Calculate total load at surface using

• 3. Margin Of Overpull : Minimum tension

force above expected working load to
account for any drag or stuck pipe.
 Drill Pipe Selection
Parameters
• Margin of Overpull
• 4. The maximum length of Drill Pipe that
can be used is obtained by combining
equations 1 and 3 and solving for the
length of Drill Pipe
 THINK OF STUCK
PIPE!!!
• When the Drill String is stuck, (and it
most certainly is if there is Overpull !) the
buoyancy is lost!

• When the Drill String is stuck, (and it

most certainly is if there is Overpull !) the
buoyancy is lost!
 Slip Crushing
Force
• Slips because of the taper try to crush the
Drill Pipe. This hoop stress is resisted by
the tube, and this increases the overall
stress in the steel
 Slip Crushing
Force
• Generally expressed as a
Factor
 Drill Pipe Selection
Parameters
• You can only drill as far as you can set
pipe in the slips.
• Different than over pull, this is
based on working loads
 Mixed String
• • Step 1
Design
– If we use different drill pipe, the weaker pipe
goes on bottom and stronger on top
– Apply equation to bottom drill pipe first

• • Step 2
– Drill collars and bottom drillpipe act as the
weight carried by top section…effectively the
drill collar
– Apply the equation for top drill pipe last
 Other
Loads
• Collapse under Tension
• Burst
• Other loads not covered here
– Shock Loads
– Bending Loads
– Buckling Loads
– Torsion
– Torsion with Simultaneous
Tension
 Biaxial
•
Collapse
The DP will collapse if:
External Pressure Load > Collapse pressure
rating
• A Design factor of 1.15 is used:
External Pressure Load < Collapse rating /
1.15
• When the string is in tension, the Collapse
rating is further de-rated:
 Biaxial
Collapse
• Collapse load is worst when For dry test
work where pipe is run in empty

• Note the use of the Average Yield Point

not minimum
 Biaxial
•
Collapse
For nominal Collapse
– Use D/t and correct formula Spec 7G
Appendix A 3
– Use the results found in Table 3-6 RP-7G
• For OD and ID, use Table 1 RP-7G
• For Avg Yp Use Table in section 12.8 RP 7G
 Burs
t
• • Barlows formula applies

• Results are found in Spec 7G Table 3,5

&7
• Burst will occur if internal pressure
load > burst rating
 Drill String Design
Process-2
After the BHA Design is
performed:
• Slip Crushing forces on DP
• Overpull tensile design at surface
• Lengths of DP Sections
• Burst Design Check
• Collapse under tension Design
check
 Drill String Design
Factors
• Tension DFt Governs Max allowable
tension on the system DFt is 1.1
• Margin of OverPull MOP Desired
excess tensile capacity over an above the
hanging weight of the string at Surface.
MOP 50-100K
• Excess BHA Wt Dfbha Amount of BHA
in terms of Wt in excess of that used to
drill to assure all Compressive and
torsional loads are kept in the Collars,
Dfbha is 1.15
 Drill String Design
• Factors
Torsion No Design Factor Required. Tool Joints
are made up to 60% of Torsional Capacity, and
Tool joints are designed to 80% of the tube
Torsion Capacity. Thus if the design limits to tool
joint make-up there is an adequate design factor
built into the system
• Collapse DFc Tube is de-rated to account for
Biaxial Tensile reduction and a design factor of is
used SLB DFc is 1.1-1.15
• Burst DFb Simple burst is used with no
allowance for axial effects DFB is 1.0
• Buckling DFB In Highly deviated wells it is
possible to use DP in compression, provided it
is not buckled.
 Buoyanc
•
y
Buoyancy is the weight of the displaced fluid
• Buoyancy is usually accounted for via BF
• Buoyancy is creating a hydrostatic effect:
the Pressure-Area Force
• The forces acting on a drillstring are the self-
weight and the hydrostatic pressure of the
drilling fluid
• Buoyancy is creating a force acting at the
bottom of the drill string and placing the
lower portion of the drill string in
compression and reducing the hook load by
HP x CSA
 Bending &
• Buckling
A tube subjected to a load
will bend
• Bent is a condition in which
the bending increases
proportionally with load
• When a little increase in load
will result in large
displacements, the tube is
said to be buckling
• The tube may not necessarily
be yielded as buckling does
not necessarily occurs
plastically
• The load which produces
buckling is called the Critical
Buckling Load
 Neutral
• Points
Neutral Point of Tension & Compression:
• The point within a tube where the sum of
the axial forces are equal to zero
• Neutral Point of Bending:
• The point within a tube where the
sum of moments are equal to zero
• The point within a tube where the average
of the radial and tangential stress in the
tube equals the axial stress
• The point within a tube where the buoyed
weight of the tube hanging below that
point is equal to an applied force at its
bottom end
 Forces in the Drill
String
Neutral Point of Bending occurs where the effective
hydrostatic force equals the compressive force
in the drillstring.
 Bucklin
g
Neutral point of bending is H = WOB / buoyed weight per
foot of string
• In vertical wells, buckling will occur only below the
neutral point of bending, hence the necessity to keep
the buoyed weight of the BHA exceeding the WOB.
• In deviated wells, buckling will not only occur below the
neutral point of bending but also above the neutral point
of bending when the compressive force in the drillstring
exceeds a critical load.
 Drill string
•
Design
Now you should be able to describe:
– Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA
selection
– Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
– Thread types and tool joints
– Drill collar weight and neutral point
– Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
– Margin of overpull − Slip crushing force
– Basic design calculations based on depth to be
drilled.
– Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers
– Critical Buckling force and Neutral Point of
Bending
 Reference
s
• API RP 7G Drill Stem Design and Op
Limits
• API SPEC 7 Specifications for Rotary
Drilling Elements
• API SPEC 5D Specifications for Drill
Pipe
• SLB Drill String Design manual
• TH Hill DS-1 Drill String Design