Drill Bits Seminar

Sabri Mohamed
Regional Product Manager
June 14th, 2006
Drill Bit Types

Roller Cone Bits

Milled Tooth Bits
TCI Bits

Fixed Cutter Bits

Natural Diamond Bits
PDC Bits
IMPREGNATED Bits
Hybrid (TSP/IMPREG)
Eccentric Bits (bi-center, etc.)
TSPDC
Roller Cone Bits

Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)

Mill Tooth
Fixed Cutter Bits

PDC, polycrystalline diamond

compact

Impregnated
Fixed Cutter Bits

Natural diamond

Hybrid (TSP/Impreg)
Under-reamers & Hole Openers

Under reamer Hole Opener

Three Product Lines designed to enlargen Hole.

Geo-Ream
QDG QDR
Bi-Centre Hole Opener

QUAD-D Bits (Dual Diameter Drift & Drill)

 GeoDiamond Reamer Product Lines
Three Product Lines designed to enlargen Hole.
Geo-Ream
Bi-Centre QDG Hole Opener
QDR

QUAD-D Bits (Dual Diameter Drift & Drill)

Rock Failure by Drill Bits
Roller Cone Mechanics

• Roller Cone Bits drill by

crushing and/or gouging the
rock

• Rock requires high energy

(WOB) to fracture the rock
with compressive loading
Indentation Process

1. Impact 3. Fracture

2. Wedge 4. Post-Fracture
Cutting Action

• Soft Formation : Gouging-Scraping

Most Aggressive Cutting Action
Typically high ROP applications

• Hard Formation : Chipping-Crushing

Most Durable Cutting Action
Typically low ROP applications
Gouging-Scraping Example
Chipping-Crushing Example
PDC Mechanics

• PDC Bits drill by shearing the

rock

• Rocks typically fracture more

easily with shear loading (less
energy, WOB)

• Most efficient cutting action

Polycrystalline
Diamond
Compact
Natural Diamond Mechanics

• Natural Diamond Bits drill by

ploughing and grinding the
rock

• Normally require higher RPM

for better performance (e.g.
high speed motor or turbine)
 Critical Hydraulic Functions

Efficient Cuttings
Evacuation: removes
drilled formation from the
Cutting Structure cutting structure/hole
Cleaning: removes bottom into the annulus
formation from
between the teeth or
inserts and from
between rows

Hole Bottom
Cleaning: allows the
cutting structure clear
access to undrilled
formation

Theory to be covered in Hydraulics Session

Roller Cone Bits
Anatomy of a Roller Cone Bit
Roller Cone Anatomy #1

API Pin

Nozzle Boss

Leg

Nozzle

Shirttail
Cone
 Roller Cone Anatomy #2

Lubricant Reservoir
Cover

Tungsten Carbide
Hardfacing

Outer Row (Gage)

Cutting Structure Inner Row
Cutting Structure
Roller Cone Anatomy #3

Lubricant
Reservoir

Lubricant
Passageway

Primary
(Outer)
Secondary Bearing
(Inner)
Bearing Seals
Ball Bearings
 TCI Insert Bit - Cone Nomenclature

Pitch Break Number 1 Cone

Gage Row Insert

Inner Row
Chisel Crest Insert

Inner Rows
Intermesh Area
or Groove

Number 3 Cone Number 2 Cone

Mill Tooth Cone Nomenclature

Number 1 Cone

Partially Deleted Gage Row Tooth

Tooth

Tooth Hardfacing
(Leading flank)

Spearpoint
Intermesh Area
or Groove

Number 3 Cone Number 2 Cone

Pitch Break
Mill Tooth Bits versus Insert Bits

• Mill tooth bits

 less expensive than insert type
 allows more bearing room, no holes needed for inserts
 faster ROP in soft and plastic formations due to optimal
tooth design for gouging/scraping
 better suited for cleaning metal/debris and reaming
operations
• Insert bits
 also more expensive but typically have longer interval
runs
 Harder and more wear resistant
Cutting Structure Terms

• Insert Count = total number of inserts

• Row Count = total number of rows
• Insert height = projection or extension from cone surface
Longer for soft formation, shorter for hard formation
Tungsten Carbide Inserts

• Toughness of the insert is dependent on the carbide grade selected

• Cobalt binder used in manufacturing process can be altered for
 Impact resistance, higher cobalt content
 Abrasion resistance, lower cobalt content

High Inner Row Inserts

Increasing Gage Row Inserts

Toughness

Heel Row Inserts

Low

Increasing Wear Resistance

Insert Selection and Properties

• Inner Rows
Medium to Heavy Toughness
Fair to Good Wear Resistance

• Gage Rows
Medium to Low Toughness
Good to Very Good Wear
Resistance

• Heel Rows
Low Toughness
Excellent Wear Resistance
Cutters: Tooth Length / Shape

• Chisel, standard for steel tooth and soft formation TCI

 More aggressive, scraping & gouging action
 Easily penetrates formation and therefore widely spaced
inserts
• Conical, standard for medium strength formation TCI

• Round, standard for hard formation TCI

 More durable, crushing & chipping action
 Increased number of inserts required to limit wear
Insert Shape: Inner Rows

Soft

Medium
to Hard

Soft Hard
to Medium
Insert Shape: Gage Rows
Transition Layer Technology

Outer Layer

1st Layer

2nd Layer

Tungsten Carbide

SMITH PATENTED
Transition Layer Technology
Diamond Technology
Offset Angle

“The horizontal distance between the axis of the bit and a

vertical plane through the axis of the journal.”

• Determines :
In thrust Load
Shape of Gauge Teeth
Degree of Reaming Action
and Gauge Tooth Wear

Eg Soft 3/8”, Hard 0.

Soft vs. Hard Formation Offset

8¾” F07 8¾” F9

IADC: 4-2-7Y IADC: 8-3-7Y
Offset: 10/32” (0.3125”) Offset: 1/32” (0.03125”)
Journal Angle

By Definition
Bit Axis
“..is the angle formed by a
line perpendicular to the
axis (or centerline) of the
journal and the axis (or
centerline) of the bit.”

Journal Angle
From Geometry
Journal Axis
“ this is the same angle as
between the formation
and the Journal Axis”
Soft vs. Hard Journal Angle

• Soft to Medium Formations • Medium to Hard Formations

32½º Journal Angle 36º Journal Angle
 Major Bearing Types

• Roller Bearing • Friction Bearing

Typically used in large bit sizes Typically used in small bit sizes
Also referred to as ‘Anti-Friction’ bearing Also referred to as ‘Journal’ bearing
Roller Bearing

Rollers
Roller Bearing – Exploded View

Bearing

Seals(s)

Rollers

Ball Bearings

Thrust Washer

Rollers

Thrust Plug
Friction Bearing

Bearing Sleeve
Friction Bearing – Exploded View

Bearing

Seals(s)

Bearing Sleeve
Ball Bearings

Thrust Washer

Thrust Cap
 Roller Bearing: Loading Conditions

• High point loading

Applied Load (WOB)
• Potential fatigue failure
 Friction Bearing: Loading Conditions

• Even load distribution

Applied Load (WOB)
• Higher load capability
Dome Vent Pressure Equalization System

Spring
Cap
Boot Stiffener
Reservoir ‘Boot’

Canister

Retaining Ring

Plug
Anatomy of a Roller Cone Bit
General Application Guidelines
• Soft Formations
– Mill tooth or long insert with chisel shaped teeth
– Fewer teeth with increased offset, scraping action
– Roller bearing for high RPM and less WOB
– ROP more dependant on RPM than WOB
• Medium to Hard Formations
– Insert teeth with less projection or shorter inserts
– Modified chisel, conical (for harder) or round shape for
hardest formation
– More inserts with less offset, crushing action
– Journal bearing with high WOB less RPM
– ROP is more dependant on WOB than RPM
Fixed Cutter Bits
PDC Terminology & Features

PDC Cutter

Junk Slot

Lo-Vibe
Blade

Waterway

Interchangeable
Nozzle
PDC Terminology & Features

Cone Nose

Shoulder
Face Cutter
Interchangeable
Bore Gauge Cutter

Gauge Pad Gauge Insert

Breaker Slot
Back reaming
Cutter
Shank

Make Up Face

API Pin
Shank Bore Connection
Dual Diameter Terminology & Features

Pilot

Pilot Diameter
Pilot Gauge
Reamer

Pass Through
Diameter
Bit Gauge
Drill Diameter

Max. Tool Diameter

Components of Bit Profile

• Bit profile consists of:

Apex
Cone
Nose
Shoulder (or Taper)
Outside Diameter Radius (ODR)
Gage
Deep Cone Profiles

• Advantages
High degree of bit stability
Increase diamond volume in center

• Disadvantages
Decrease steerability.
Decrease cleaning efficiency.
Shallow Cone Profiles

• Advantages
Increased steerability.
Increased bit cleaning.

• Disadvantages
Decreased stability.
Decreased diamond volume.
Nose Radius

• Large radius (R) provides R

higher surface area for better
load distribution in hard and
transitional drilling.

• Small or sharp radius (r)

provides higher point loading
on cutters and suitable for r
soft homogeneous
formations.
Location From Centerline

• Nose location closer to the

center provides more surface
area and cutter density on the L
shoulder
Suitable for soft but abrasive
formations

• Nose location closer to the

gauge provides more surface
L
area on the bit face for better
load distribution
Suitable for harder
formation.
Bit Profile Types

• 4 general types
Flat
Short Parabolic
Medium Parabolic
Long Parabolic

• Flat profiles are used for harder less abrasive formations

• Long parabolic profiles are used for softer more abrasive
formations.
Bit Profile Types

Long Parabolic
Medium Parabolic
Short Parabolic
Flat
Bit Profile Types

Long Parabolic
Medium Parabolic
Short Parabolic
Flat
 PDC Cutters

• Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC)

• A manufactured synthetic diamond bonded to a tungsten carbide
substrate
• Thermal stability limit of 700 Co w/cutter wear effected above 350 Co

o
45 edge chamfer
to increase edge
Toughness of PDC Diamond Table

Tungsten Carbide
Substrate
PDC Cutters

• Tungsten carbide table geometric design

• Interfaced aimed at controlling the residual stress between
diamond and tungsten carbide table
Blade Count and Cutter Density

Light Set Medium Set Heavy Set

Soft Medium Hard

Formation Formation Formation
 Cutter Density & Layout

• Density = number of cutters for given size bit

• Typically illustrated by showing position of all cutters
rotated on single plane
Cutter Exposure

Back rack angle

15-20 degrees
 Hybrid

Diamond impreg into matrix

Hybrid feature
Vibration

Axial Torsional
Lateral
Bit bounce (Stick-Slip)
General Application Guidelines

• Soft Formation
– Light set, fewer blades (3-4 B), larger cutter size and less cutters
– Less back rake, more efficient
– Smaller nose radius with longer blades
– More open face volume and junk slot area for cleaning
– Steel or matrix, but steel stronger and accommodates longer
blade design for larger junk slot
 General Application Guidelines

• Harder Formation
– Heavy set with more blades
– More durable cutters with increased back rake (20-30 degrees)
– Larger nose radius provides higher surface area for better load
distribution
– Less open face volume and junk slot area
– Hybrid, PDC or impregnated back-up cutters
– Typically a matrix body
 General Application Guidelines

To perform efficiently a PDC requires

 adequate depth of cut
 Shearing action as opposed to scraping/grinding
 Improved stability by addressing modes of vibration
 Adequate WOB and torque in hard rock
 need weight to fail the rock under the cutter
 need torque to shear the rock
 If not, vibration and/or excessive abrasive wear may occur
 avoid reaming if possible, vibration, unstable condition is induced
due to absence upward force from hole bottom
Impreg Bits
 Impregnated Bit Terminology & Features

Crown
Impregnated Ribs

Junk Slots

Breaker Slot

Diamond Gauge
Turbine Sleeve Gauge Inserts
Impreg Bits

• Not surface set process

– Diamond stones/grit or thermally stable polycrystalline diamonds
are impregnated within matrix body
• Diamond exposure is relatively small
– Bit productivity requires high rotational speeds, therefore typically
run on turbine or high speed motor, 400-1200 RPM
• Plowing action breaks the cementation between rock grains
• Most effective in abrasive formation
– Requires wearing away of the matrix to expose new diamond grit
for continual exposure and work
• Susceptible to balling if formation is not hard enough for the
design
– Inter-bedded shale stringers may be problem
Impreg Bits (Old Style)

Turbine sleeve
Impreg Bits – (New Advanced Style)

Lower end of strength range

Smith Bits KGR70

Hard formation, more blades

Smith Bits KGR50
 Hybrid Impreg Bits

Inserts for laminated

formations
Bit Planning and Selection
Bit Planning and Selection

• Objective is to optimize ROP

– Could mean maximum ROP for minimum cost
– Alternatively, planned or controlled ROP for hole
conditions
– wellbore stability
– hole cleaning restrictions
– geological markers
– Formation evaluation
– Directional considerations due to faults, dipping beds
– Determine if ROP can be predicted accurately with
current methods or offset review
Two Approachs to Bit Selection

• Most common approach

– past observed performance applied to current
application
 assumes similar rock or formation type being drilled
 assumes the use of the same technology and practices
• A more detailed or engineered approach
– Based on Formation Analysis (rock properties)
 use well logs and/or mechanical earth model from seismic
 combine with observed performance to normalize/validate results
Observed Performance and Application

• Based on offset data.

Offset bit records and drilling data is evaluated to determine bit
performance and application
– Bit record
– Drill report
– Directional report or BHA performance reports
– Deviation or directional survey
– Mud reports or recap
– Mud and electric line logs
– Geologic Report, formation tops, lithology
END