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LESSON 2

MAJOR BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY
 metaphysics

EPISTEMOLOGY
4 Major Branches
of
Philosophy ETHICS

LOGIC
metaphysics
From the 2 Greek Word
 Meta means “Beyond” or “After” and
 Physika means “nature”
The study of the existence and ultimate reality, visible
and invisible
It concerns the existence and nature of things that exist.

It focused on “How things really are” and “What is real”

metaphysics

Cre a ti on??
Evolut ion or
epistemology
From the 2 Greek Word
 Episteme means “Knowledge” Literally means the study of
 Logos means “Study” knowledge

The study of knowing how to determine if we really know something

It focus on the questions “How do we know what we know” “can we be sure of

anything” “what exactly knowledge is, and why do we have it”
ethics
From the Greek Word
 Ethos means “Customs” and is therefore, concerned with a particular kind of value
specifically esteem, as it applies to individuals actions, decisions, and relations.

The study of the behavior that deals with what is good and bad

It focused on the questions like “What is morally Good?” “What is right?” “What is
Goodness”
Principles of “Responsibility toward another person”
and “The end justify the means”
 ethics
y t he m e a ns?
GOAL
he e nd jus t i f
Doe s T

P RO CES
S
 EU T HA N A SI
ethics A
logic
The study of correct reasoning

It can teach us the formal, prescribed and proper principles of reasoning.

Assessed the validity of argumentation.

Logic can use to solve problems and draw conclusions.

logic
 • Water move on its own.
• Every living things needs water.
• Ability of water to transform from Liquid
– Solid – Gas (state of Matter)

 Mathematician and Astronomer from the Greek City

of Miletus in Ionia (Turkey Today)
 Considered as the FIRST PHILOSOPHER because
he was the First to ask the question “What is the

AL E S basic stuff of the Universe”

 He claimed that “everything comes from the water”

T H
  He was the First to Coined the word Philosophy
 He is best known for his Pythagorean Theorem and
known as the Fathers of Numbers
 He Believed that there are only three types of people
in real life.

1. People who lived to become rich and

wealthy.
2. People who lived only for the purpose
of becoming famous.

G O RA S 3. People who lived with one purpose in

A
mind: to understand and reflect what

PY T H life is really all about

  A Prominent Teacher, Born in Athens
 He is known as the Father of Philosophy
 He is known for his famous Socratic Method of
Questioning, also known as Elenchus.

ART OF QUESTIONING:
H - Higher
O - Order
T -
S Thinking
- Skills
“Why do we Strive for perfection if its not
attainable?”

RAT E S
 He also known for his famous Socratic Paradox “I

SOC know that I know nothing”

  A Student of Socrates.
 Plato founded an Academy in Athens where Aristotle
was one of his student.
 He was regarded as the Father of IDEALISM

AL I S M
IDE
Theory of Ideas or
Form
 Believe in the superiority of mind over
matter.

PL ATO  It holds that ideas are the only true reality

  A Philosopher who made an important contributions
to Logic, Criticism, Metaphysics, Ethics and, Politics.
 He was a student of Plato for 20 years, but is famous
for rejecting Plato’s Theory of Forms.
 He is known as the Father of REALISM.
 A teacher of Alexander the Great.

L I S M
REA
 Believes in the existence of objective realities or
“things-as-they-are”
 Holds that the ultimate reality, which is the world of
physical object, exist independent of the human mind.

AR IS TO T L E  Holds that realities must be perceived or appreciated

for what they are, and these realities by the fact of
being objective, cannot be tampered with, by human
perception
Philosophy, therefore, is like providing a
food for the Mind
EAT THOUGHTFULLY