Unit 1

Poly Phase AC Machines
Unit: 1
Special Electrical Machines Vikash Tiwari

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical &
B Tech 6th Semester Electronics Engineering
Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1

1
06/14/2023
Content
 Course Objective
 Course Outcome
 CO-PO and PSO Mapping
 Prerequisite & Recap
 Construction & Performance of Deep Bar & Double Cage IM
 Introduction
 Construction of Deep Bar Rotor
 Working of Deep Bar Rotor
 Torque-Speed Characteristics of Deep Bar Induction Motor
 Construction of Double Cage Rotor
 Working of Double Cage Rotor
 Equivalent Circuit of Double Cage Induction Motor
 Performance Analysis of Double Cage Induction Motor
 Torque Slip Characteristics of Double Cage Induction Motor
 Applications of Deep Bar and Double Cage Induction Motor
06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 2
Content
 EMF Injection in Rotor circuit of Slip Ring Induction motor
 Introduction of EMF Injection
 Principle of EMF Injection Method
 Slip Power Recovery Scheme
 Introduction of Slip Power Recovery Scheme
 Constant Torque Drives
 Constant Power Drives
 Characteristics of Constant Torque and Constant Power Drives
 Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes
 Introduction of Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes
 Static Kramer Drives (Constant Torque Operation)
 Static Scherbius Drives (Constant Torque Operation)
 Static Kramer Drives (Constant Power Operation)
 Applications of Slip Power Recovery Schemes

Content
Youtube Video Links
Daily Quiz
Weekly Assignment
MCQs
Old Question Papers
Expected Questions in University Examination
Summary
References

Course Objectives
To prepare the students to have knowledge of
Course Objective 1 various high torque cage rotor and the efficient
methods of speed control of induction motor.
To make the students familiar with the
Course Objective 2 characteristics and operation of Induction
Generators and Two Phase AC Servomotor.
To make the students to understand performance
Course Objective 3 and design aspects of various Stepper Motors
and Variable Reluctance Motors.
To introduce principle and design of permanent
Course Objective 4 magnet machines and single phase synchronous
motor.
To familiarize the operation principles and design
Course Objective 5 of Single Phase Commutator Motors And Linear
Induction Motor
06/14/2023 5
Course Outcomes
Once the student has successfully completed this course, he/she will be able
to:
Demonstrate about the various high torque cage rotor and the
efficient methods of speed control of Polyphase Induction
CO1 Machines.
Examine performance of Induction Generators and Two Phase AC
CO2 Servomotor.
Develop the design aspects of various Stepper Motors and Variable

CO3 Reluctance Motors and their drive circuits
Examine working principle and design of permanent magnet

CO4 machines and single phase synchronous motor.
Develop and design Single Phase Commutator Motors And Linear

CO5 Induction Motor

CO-PO and PSO Mapping
CO-PO mapping
(1/2/3 indicates strength of correlation) 3-Strong, 2-Medium, 1-Weak
Programme Outcomes (POs)
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1
CO2 3 2 1 2
CO3 3 1 3 2 2 2
CO4 3 2 3 1
CO5 3 1 3 2 2 2
CO-PSO mapping
Course Outcomes (COs)
PSOs CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
PSO1 1 2 2 2
PSO2 3 3 2 1 2
PSO3

Syllabus of Unit 1
Poly-phase AC Machines
Construction and performance of double cage and deep
bar three phase induction motors; EMF injection in
rotor circuit of slip ring induction motor, concept of
constant torque and constant power controls, static slip
power recovery control schemes (constant torque and
constant power)

Objective of Unit 1
To prepare the students to have knowledge of

various high torque cage rotor and the efficient
methods of speed control of induction motor.

Topic Objectives
To expose students to the construction and
Topic Objective 1 performance of various high torque cage rotor to
overcome the drawback of squirrel cage rotor.
To make the students familiar with the speed
Topic Objective 2 control of induction motor by controlling the
slip.
To provide strong foundation to asses

Topic Objective 3 performance of constant torque and constant
power induction motor drives.
To familiarize the operating principles of static

Topic Objective 4 slip power recovery schemes.

06/14/2023 10
Topic Outcomes
Once the student has successfully completed this unit, he/she will be able
to:
Understand the construction and performance of deep bar and

TO1 double cage induction motor.
Explain and perform the EMF injection method of speed control

TO2 of induction motor.
Analyse the working performance of constant torque and constant

TO3 power drives induction motor drives
Demonstrate the working of various static slip power recovery

TO4 schemes.

Objective of Topic
Topic-1 Name
Construction and Performance of Deep Bar and
Double Cage Induction Motors
Objective of Topic-1:
To expose students to the construction and
performance of various high torque cage rotor to
overcome the drawback of squirrel cage rotor.
Topic Outcome and mapping with PO
Outcome of Topic-1:
After the successfully competition of this topic
students will be able to understand the construction and
performance of deep bar and double cage induction
motor.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
TO1 3 1 2 1 1

Prerequisite and Recap
Before starting this topic students need to have knowledge

about:
 Construction of squirrel cage induction motor.
 Drawbacks of squirrel cage induction motor.
 Equivalent Circuit and Torque-speed characteristics of three
phase induction motor.

Objective of Topic
Topic-2 Name
EMF Injection in Rotor Circuit of Slip Ring Induction
Motor
To make the students familiar with the speed control
of induction motor by controlling the slip.

Outcome of Topic-2:
students will be able explain and perform the EMF
injection method of speed control of induction motor.

TO1 3 1 2 2 1 1

In the previous topic, students have studied about:

 Construction of deep bar & double cage rotor
 Performance analysis of Double cage induction motor.
Before starting the next topic students need to have
knowledge about:
 Various conventional speed control methods of three phase
slip ring induction motor.
 Drawbacks of rotor resistance control method.
 Power flow in a three phase induction motor.

EMF Injection in Rotor Circuit of Slip Ring
Induction Motor (CO1)
Introduction of EMF injection method
 In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by

injecting a voltage in rotor circuit.
 It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have same

frequency as of the slip frequency.
 However, there is no restriction to the phase of injected emf.
 If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the rotor induced

emf, rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf which is in
phase with the rotor induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease.

Principle of EMF injection method
 Power transferred from stator to rotor is,
 represents the mechanical power developed and slip power

appears as rotor ohmic loss for short circuited rotor.
 Instead of wasting the slip power in the rotor circuit, it can be

either returned to the supply or added to the motor shaft.
 The most useful method of recovering the slip power and

controlling the speed thereby, involves the injection of an emf into
the rotor circuit from some suitable external sources,

 For the rotor circuit shown here,
 Case-I: An emf is injected in phase opposition to rotor emf

 Rotor current decreases, which reduces the torque developed.
 Since the load torque is constant and developed torque decreased.

The speed decreases and slip emf increases.
 Due to increase of Rotor current rises till the developed torque has
become equal to the constant load torque.
 Case-II: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf

 Rotor current increases, which increases the torque developed.
 Since the load torque is constant and developed torque increased.

The speed increases and slip emf decreases.
 Due to reduction of Rotor current reduces till the developed torque

has become equal to the constant load torque.
 Case-III: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf
 In order to maintain the current and to develop the torque equal to

the constant load torque, the rotor emf must be tends to zero.
 Hence the slip s reduces to zero and rotor runs at synchronous

speed.

 Case-IV: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf
 In order to maintain the current and to develop the torque equal to

the constant load torque, the rotor emf must be negative.
 The slip s can be negative only if the rotor speed is above

synchronous speed.

CASE-I is in phase opposition Speed Decreases

Speed increases but remain below
CASE-II is in phase ()
synchronous speed
CASE-III is in phase () Speed becomes equal to synchronous speed
is in phase ()
CASE-IV Speed increases above synchronous speed

Objective of Topic
Topic-3 Name
Slip Power Recovery Schemes
To provide strong foundation to asses performance of
constant torque and constant power induction motor
drives.

Outcome of Topic-3:
students will be able analyse the working performance
of constant torque and constant power drives induction
motor drives

TO1 3 1 2 2 1 1


 EMF Injection in Rotor Circuit of Slip Ring Induction
Motor
 In the next topic students will learn about various strategies
used in EMF injection method.
Before starting this topic students need to have knowledge
about:
 Fundamental knowledge of EMF injection method.
 Power flow equations of three phase induction motor

Slip Power Recovery Schemes (CO1)
Introduction
 The slip power recovery schemes offer wide range of induction

motor speed control more economically and efficiently.
 Slip power recovery schemes can be classified into two types,

depending upon whether the slip power is returned to, or taken
from, the line or added to, or taken from the shaft of the main motor.
 Slip power recovery schemes is classified in:
 1. Constant torque drives
 2. Constant power drives

Constant Torque Drives
 For obtaining the constant

torque drives the slip power
is either returned to, or taken
from the supply.
 When the slip power is returned to the supply, the slip is positive
 Mechanical power developed,

 Rotor speed,
 Hence the torque,

Constant Torque Drives

 When the slip power is taken
from the supply.
 Mechanical power developed
 Speed
 When the slip power is taken from the supply, the slip is negative

 This shows that, when slip power is either returned to, or taken from
the supply, the torque remains constant and a constant torque drive is
obtained.
Constant Power Drives

 For obtaining the constant
torque drives the slip power
is either added to, or taken
from the shaft.
 An auxiliary machine is
required to obtain constant
power drive.
 When the slip power is added to the shaft, the slip is positive

 Rotor speed,

Constant Power Drives

 When slip power is taken
from the shaft.
 speed,
 When the slip power is taken from the shaft, the slip is negative

 This shows that, when slip power is either added to, or taken from
the shaft, the mechanical power remains constant and a constant
power drive is obtained.
Characteristics of Constant Torque & Power Drives
 We know that,
 For constant torque drives, the power available at the shaft

varies linearly with the speed.
 For a constant power drives, the torques decreases
exponentially with the speed.
Objective of Topic
Topic-4 Name
Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes
To familiarize the operating principles of static slip
power recovery schemes.

Outcome of Topic-4:
students will be able demonstrate the working of
various static slip power recovery schemes.

TO1 3 1 2 1 2 1


 Constant torque and constant power slip power recover
schemes
 In the next topic students will learn about application of slip
power recovery schemes using power electronics converters
 Before starting this topic students need to have
knowledge about:
 Various strategies used in slip power recovery schemes.
 Power flow equations in three phase induction motor.

Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes (CO1)
Introduction
 Instead of wasting the slip power in the rotor circuit resistance, a
better approach is to convert it to ac line power and return it back
to the line. Two types of drives provide this approach:
1) Static Kramer Drive
2) Static Scherbius Drive
Static Slip Power Recovery Schemes
Static Kramer Drives Static Scherbius Drives

Static Kramer Drives (Constant Torque Operation)

 Slip power is rectified by
3-phase diode bridge
rectifier.
 Inductor Ld smoothens the
ripples in the rectified
voltage Vd1.
 DC power is converted
into AC power by using
line – commutated
inverter.
 Rectifier and Inverter are both line commutated by alternating emfs
appearing at the slip rings and supply bus bars respectively.
 Feedback power is
controlled by controlling
the inverter firing angle.
and
 Inverter’s firing angle can be decreased to decrease the voltage Vd2.
 This will increase Id and thus the torque.

 Neglecting the drop across the

inductor.
 for safe commutation of
inverter,
 for positive value of slip,
 desired speed can be obtained

by choosing the value of α.
 The rotor speed is given as,
 If n = m This method of speed control

is economical because the
rectifier and inverter only have
For , to carry the slip power of the
For , rotor ,which is considerably
less than the input power to
the stator.
Closed Loop Control of Static Kramer Drives
 The air gap flux is constant and the torque is controlled by the dc
link current Id (controlled in the inner control loop).
 The speed is controlled via the outer control loop.
Static Scherbius Drives (Constant Torque Operation)
 Static Scherbius drive

overcomes the forward
motoring only limitation
of the static Kramer drive.
 It consists of two phase
controlled thyristors
bridges. Bridge 2
Bridge 1
 Scherbius drive system operates in two modes:

 1. Sub-synchronous speed operation
 2. Super-synchronous speed operation


 In sub-synchronous mode,
slip power returned to the
lines.
 Bridge-1 operates in
rectifier mode & Bridge-2
operates in inverter mode.
 Bridge-l has firing angle
less than 90° & Bridge-2
has firing angle more than Bridge 1 Bridge 2
90°.
Rectifier inverter
Slip Supply
(Bridge (Bridge Transformer
Power Lines
1) 2)

 In super-synchronous
mode operation, the
additional power is fed into
the rotor circuit at slip
frequency.
 Bridge-1 operates in
inverter mode & Bridge-2
operates in rectifier mode.
 Bridge-l has firing angle Bridge 1 Bridge 2
more than 90° & Bridge-2

has firing angle less than
90°.
Rectifier Inverter
Supply Slip
Transformer (Bridge (Bridge
Power Rings
2) 1)
Static Kramer Drives (Constant Power Operation)

 The slip power is
converted into dc by a
three phase diode bridge
rectifier.
 DC power is fed to the dc
motor, which is
mechanically coupled to
SRIM.
 Torque supplied to the load is shared by SRIM and DC motor.

 SRIM speed can be controlled by controlling the field regulator (of
the dc motor.
 Steady state operation is possible at Vd1 = Vd2 .

Static Kramer Drives (Constant Power Operation)

 In this method the speed control
range is synchronous speed to
around half of the synchronous
speed.
 The drive has higher
maintenance cost due to the
involvement of a D.C. motor.
 For large speed applications the diode bridge is replaced by using

thyristor bridge, the speed can be controlled by varying the firing
angle. Upto standstill condition the speed can be controlled.

Applications of Slip Power Recovery Schemes
Large capacity pump Variable speed W.E. System Shipboard VSCF System
Variable speed pump Flywheel energy storage System

Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video
Links and Online Courses Details
Youtube Video Links
Dr. Tirupathiraju Kanumuri,
1
Deep Bar Cage Rotor
Assistant Professor,
Ctrl+Click
Induction Motor Here
NIT Delhi
Double Cage Rotor Ctrl+Click
2 Assistant Professor,
Induction Motor
NIT Delhi Here
Rotor EMF Injection
3 Assistant Professor, Ctrl+Click
Method of Speed Control
NIT Delhi Here
Slip Power Recovery
4 Assistant Professor, Ctrl+Click
Scheme of Speed Control
NIT Delhi
Here
Prof. Shyama Prashad Das
Slip Power Recovery
5 IIT, Kanpur Ctrl+Click
Scheme
(NPTEL)
Here
Prof. Shyama Prashad Das
6 Static Kramer Drive IIT, Kanpur
(NPTEL) Ctrl+Click
Here
Daily Quiz
Quiz
1. 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor will have _____ starting
torque.
2. 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor will have _____ starting
current.
3. 3-phase induction motor will have _____ power factor during no
load condition
4. Which of the following 3-phase induction motor requires external
resistor circuit in rotor during starting of the motor: Slip-Ring
Induction Motor or Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
5. In double cage induction motor outer cage offer ______ resistance
and ________ leakage reactance.

Daily Quiz
Quiz
6. In double cage induction motor outer inner offer ______ resistance
and ________ leakage reactance.
7. In a deep bar induction motor the rotor resistance at the time of
starting is _______.
8. When the slip power is taken from the supply, _______ is constant.
9. When the slip power is added to the shaft, ________ is constant.
10. When the slip power is return to the supply, slip is __________.
11. When the slip power is taken from the shaft, slip is _________.
12. Skewing is done in an induction motor to prevent _________.
13. Crawling occurs in Induction Motor due to __________.
14. Due to skin effect, the effective resistance is ________.

Daily Quiz
Quiz
15. 3-phase induction motor is a self-starting machine.
(True or False)
16. Which of the following induction motor will have better starting
torque?
(Squirrel Cage Induction Motor or Slip Ring Induction Motor)
17. Single phase motors are more powerful than polyphase induction
motors. (True or False?)
18. As the number of pole increases, the speed ______.
19. With Kramer drive, speed _______ the synchronous speed can be
controlled.
20. With Scherbius drive, speed above the synchronous speed can be
controlled. (True or False)

Weekly Assignment
Assignment 1.1
1. Discuss the construction, working, torque-speed characteristics &
salient features of a deep-bar cage induction motor.
2. Describe the construction, working, equivalent circuit and torque-
slip characteristics of double-cage induction motor.
3. Compare deep bar induction motor & double cage induction motor.
4. A 4-pole, 50 Hz, double-cage, 3-phase induction motor has per
phase leakage impedances of and for the two cages at supply
frequency. Calculate the relative values of torques developed by the
two cages at (i) starting and (ii) slip of 5%.
5. A 3-Φ, 420 V, double cage induction motor has per phase standstill
leakage impedance of 3 + j1.0 Ω and 0.5+ j6.0 Ω for its two cages.
Calculate the starting torque in terms of full load torque with direct-
on-line starting.

Weekly Assignment
Assignment 1.2
1. Explain the principle of slip control by slip frequency EMF
injection in rotor circuit with neat sketch.
2. Explain the constant torque and constant power controls of slip ring
induction motor drives.
3. A slip power converter is directly connected to a 3- phase 50 hz
wound rotor induction motor having 6 pole. Induction motor is used
to control the speed of a load requiring torque proportional to the cube
of its speed. if the speed is vary between 60 to 600 rpm and load
needs a power of 5KW at 600 rpm then determine the power handled
by the slip power converter in terms of slip when slip power returned
to the supply. Also determine the value of slip power and motor at 60
and 600 rpm and amount of maximum power that the slip power
convertor can carry. Neglect losses.

Weekly Assignment
Assignment 1.2
4. Explain static kramer schemes for the speed control of a wound
rotor induction motor.
5. Explain static scherbius scheme for the speed control of a wound
rotor induction motor.
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of static Kramer drives
and static scherbius drives?

MCQ s
1. Deep bar or double cage rotors are used in squirrel cage induction
motor to obtain
a. High starting current b. High starting torque
c. Reduced starting current d. Reduced rotor resistance
2. In double cage induction motor, the outer cage offers
a. high resistance and low reactance. b. low resistance and high reactance.
c. low resistance and low reactance. d. high resistance and high
reactance.
3. During starting of a double cage induction motor, the current
induced in the rotor
a. flows mostly through the lower b. flows mostly through the upper
cage. cage.
c. is equally divided between the two d. none of the above
cages
MCQ s
4. In a double cage rotor, the resistance of upper cage is ____ that of
inner cage.
a. equal to b. 4 to 5 times
c. one-fourth d. none of these
5. Deep bar or double cage rotors make use of skin effect. The skin
effect depends upon
a. Nature of material b. Diameter of wire
c. Shape of wire and frequency d. All of these
6. The advantage of the double squirrel cage induction motor over
single cage rotor is that its
a. Efficiency is higher b. Power factor is higher
c. Slip is larger d. Starting current is lower

MCQ s
7. An induction motor can run at synchronous speed when
a. it is over-excited b. an emf is injected in rotor circuit
c. it runs in reverse direction d. it runs at higher than rated voltage
8. Which type of Induction motor is best for e.m.f injection method?

a. Squirrel cage induction motor b. Wound rotor induction motor
c. Single phase induction motor d. Linear induction motor
9. In the rotor voltage injection method, when an external voltage
source is in phase opposition with the main voltage then speed will
_________.
a. Increase b. Decrease
c. First increase than decrease d. Remains unchanged

MCQ s
10. The injected EMF in the rotor of induction motor must have
a. Zero frequency b. same frequency as the slip frequency
c. same phase as the rotor EMF d. high value for the satisfactory speed
control
11. In a slip power recovery scheme for a 3-phase induction motor,
a. if slip power is returned to b. if slip power is added to the main
supply. constant power drive is shaft, constant power drive is obtained.
obtained
c. both (a) and (b) d. none of the above
12. Energy savings potential of variable torque applications compared

to constant torque application is:
a. Higher b. Lower
c. Equal d. None of the above

Old Question Papers
2017-18 (A) 2017-18 (B) 2016-17 2015-16 (A) 2015-16 (B)
2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 (A) 2012-13 (B) 2011-12
* Double click on the question paper to open

Expected Questions for University Exam
1. Describe the construction of double cage three phase induction motor.
2. A 4-pole, 50 Hz, double-cage, 3-phase induction motor has per phase
leakage impedances of and for the two cages at supply frequency.
Calculate the relative values of torques developed by the two cages (i) at
starting and (ii) at a full-load slip of 5%.
3. Discuss the construction, working & salient features of a deep-bar cage
induction motor.
4. Explain the principle of slip control by slip frequency EMF injection in
rotor circuit with neat sketch.
5. Explain static slip power recovery schemes for the speed control of a
wound rotor induction motor
6. Explain the constant torque and constant power controls of slip ring
induction motor drives.

Summary
 The Deep Bar Rotor in an induction motor is used to obtain high

torque at starting and low torque at the running condition
 A Double cage induction motor consists of a rotor which has two

independent cages one above the other in the same slot.
 It has high efficiency and good speed regulation and also draws
lower starting current and are cheaper in cost.
 Slip power recovery schemes are used to control the speed of

induction motor more smoothly and efficiently.
 Static Kramer drives provide speed control below synchronous

speed & Static Scherbius drives provide above synchronous speed.
References
1. D.P. Kothari &I.J. Nagrath, "Electric Machines", Tata Mc GrawHill
2. Smarajit Ghosh, "Electric Machines", Pearson
3. P.S. Bimbhra "Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines" Khanna

Publishers.
4. P.C. Sen "Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics"

Johnwilley&Sons, 2001
5. Cyril G. Veinott "Fractional and Sub-fractional horse power electric

motors" McGraw Hill International, 1987
6. M.G. Say "Alternating current Machines" Pitman & Sons.

References
Thank You

Linear Induction Motor (LIM) (CO5)
Introduction
 Linear Induction motor is a development
of conventional three phase induction
machine.
 Instead of rotary motion as in a three

phase conventional induction motor.
rectilinear motion is obtained in a linear
induction motor.
 Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is an

asynchronous motor, working on the
same principle an Induction Motor
works,

Construction
 The stator is cut axially and spread out
flat in Linear Induction Motor (LIM).
 In this type of motor, the stator and rotor
are called as primary and secondary.
 The secondary of the linear induction
motor consists of a flat aluminum
conductor with a ferromagnetic core.
 If we cut the Stator of rotary Induction
Motor along the line ab and make it flat
then the Stator will look like as shown.
66
06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1
Construction
 This is what which makes the Primary
of a LIM.
 So Primary of Linear Induction Motor is
flat and three phase winding is wound
on it.
 Now if we make the Rotor of Induction
Motor flat then it will be nothing but a
sheet of flat aluminum which is called
the Secondary of LIM as shown .

Working of LIM
 A three-phase primary winding of the
motor is energized from a balanced three
phase source.
 A magnetic field moving in a straight
line from one end to other at a linear
synchronous speed Vs is produced.
 The linear synchronous speed Vs is given as,
Where f is the supply frequency and τ is the pole pitch in metes.

 The interaction of magnetic fields with the current induced in the
secondary exerts a thrust on the secondary to move in the same
direction if the primary is held stationary.
Working of LIM
 Alternatively, if the secondary is
stationary and the primary is free to
move, the primary moves in the
direction opposite to that of the
magnetic field.
 Relative speed of the stator and rotor is,
Where s is the slip and the relative speed between the moving field and
the secondary is sVs.
 The slip is therefore given by,

Working of LIM
 On the line of conventional three phase
induction motor, the power and thrust in
a linear induction motor can be
expressed. The air gap power Pg is
given by,
 Developed power Pr is given by
 The developed Linear thrust Fm is therefore given by

Speed-Thrust Force Characteristics of LIM
 In the operating region, the speed of the
linear induction motor decreases rapidly
with the increasing thrust.
 For this reason the linear induction
motor often operate at low slip, resulting
a relatively low efficiency.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LIM
The advantages of linear induction motors are:
 Low initial cost.
 Low maintenance cost due to the absence of rotating parts.
 No limitation of maximum speed.
 No overheating of the rotor.
 Batter power to weight ratio.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LIM
The disadvantages of linear induction motors are:
 A typical air gap in LIM is of the order of 25 mm while in
a cylindrical motor it is about 1 mm i.e. it has a larger air gap
which results in lower power factor.
 LIM has a much higher rotor resistance, operates at high slip at
given thrust and has correspondingly low efficiency.
 Very high capital cost of reaction rail fixed along the center line
of the track.

Applications of LIM
There are quite a few instances where the LIM is indeed necessary for
some specialized operations. Few of such applications are listed below.
 Automatic sliding doors in electric trains.
 Mechanical handling equipment, such as propulsion of a train of
tubs along a certain route.
 Metallic conveyor belts.
 Pumping of liquid metal, material handling in cranes, etc.

Two Phase AC Servo Motors (CO2)
Introduction
 Two phase a.c. servomotor
is one of the very important
electromechanical actuators
having applications in the
area of control systems.
 It’s small size, low inertia
and almost noiseless and
frictionless operation makes
the a.c. servomotor
particularly attractive in
aircraft and spacecraft
applications.

Construction of Two Phase AC Servo Motor

 The stator consists of two pole-pairs
(A-B and C-D) mounted on the inner
periphery of the stator, such that their
axes are at an angle of 90° in space.
 Each pole-pair carries a winding. One
winding is called reference winding
and the other is called a control
winding.
 The supply used to drive the motor is single phase and so a phase
advancing capacitor is connected to one of the phase to produce a
phase difference of 90°.
 The rotor construction is usually squirrel cage or drag-cup type.


 The squirrel cage rotor is made of
laminations. The rotor bars are placed
on the slots and short circuited at
both ends by end rings.
 The diameter of the rotor is kept
small in order to reduce inertia and to
obtain good accelerating
characteristics.
 The Drag-cup construction is
employed for very low inertia
applications.
 In this type of construction the rotor
will be in the form of hollow cylinder
made of aluminium.
 The aluminium cylinder itself acts as

short circuited rotor conductors.
 This arrangement completes the

magnetic circuit. As the rotor of the
motor is made of thin material, its
resistance will be high, which results
in the high starting torque.

Working of Two Phase AC Servo Motor

 The reference winding of A.C
servomotor is excited by a constant
voltage source and control winding
supplied from a servo amplifier.
 These results in exciting currents i1
and i2 displaced by 90° in phase.
 Rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced , which
sweeps over the rotor conductors. The rotor conductors experience
a change in flux and so voltage is induced in rotor conductor.
 This voltage circulates currents in the short circuited rotor
conductors and the currents create rotor flux.
 Due to the interaction of stator and rotor flux, a mechanical torque
is developed in the rotor
Working of Two Phase AC Servo Motor

 The speed of A.C servomotor is controlled by controlling the
control voltage.
 The error output of error detector is fed to PI controller, due to the
error, controller take control action to driving circuit.
 The Driving circuit generates the pulse's to rotate the motor at
required speed.

Speed Torque Characteristics

 The shape of these characteristics
largely depends on the value of the
rotor resistance.
 It can be seen that for higher values
of rotor resistance the torque speed
characteristics is linear.
 If the rotor resistance is either R4 or
R5, the motor is referred to as two
phase servo motor.
 For servo application the motor
characteristics should be linear with
negative slope.

Applications
Robot arm control Conveyor belts control Automatic Camera lens control
Solar Tracking system Cutting machine Labelling machine

Performance Analysis of AC Servo Motor

 Motor may be considered as
continuous two-phase
balanced induction motor,
supplied from an unbalanced
two-phase supply.
 Unbalanced two-phase
supply is resolved into two
balanced two-phase systems:
positive sequence and other
negative sequence.
 The actual unbalanced motor is replaced by two balanced two-phase
motors mechanically coupled to each other-one operating with a
positive sequence and other negative sequence, at slip (s) and (2-s)
respectively.

 The net torque of the motor
at any speed then may be
found by computing positive
sequence motor torque and
negative sequence motor
torque at that speed and
taking algebraic sum of these
two torques.
 The voltage relation for reference winding and control winding are,


 Also
And
Therefore, we get from equation (ii),
On solving equation (i) & (iii),

We will get


 Taking axis as reference, we
have
 Therefore,
 Similarly ,for current


 Performance calculations
for positive and negative
sequence equivalent
circuits:
 Positive sequence impedance
 Positive sequence current,
 Air gap power delivered to positive sequence rotating field,


 Positive sequence torque
developed,
𝑃 𝑔𝑝
𝑇 𝑝=
𝜔𝑠
 Similarly, Negative sequence impedance
 Negative sequence current,
 Air gap power delivered to negative sequence rotating field,


 Negative sequence torque
developed,
𝑃 𝑔𝑛
𝑇 𝑛=
𝜔𝑠
 Resultant Torque Developed,
𝟏
𝑻= ( 𝑷 𝒈𝒑 − 𝑷 𝒈𝒏 )
𝝎𝒔

Q: A 2 phase AC servo motor has the following parameters at 50 Hz.

Unit 1

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Poly Phase AC Machines

Special Electrical Machines Vikash Tiwari

Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 3

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 4

Develop the design aspects of various Stepper Motors and Variable

Examine working principle and design of permanent magnet

Develop and design Single Phase Commutator Motors And Linear

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 6

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 7

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 8

To prepare the students to have knowledge of

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 9

To provide strong foundation to asses

To familiarize the operating principles of static

Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1

Understand the construction and performance of deep bar and

Explain and perform the EMF injection method of speed control

Analyse the working performance of constant torque and constant

Demonstrate the working of various static slip power recovery

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 11

Programme Outcomes (POs)

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 13

Before starting this topic students need to have knowledge

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 14

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 15

Programme Outcomes (POs)

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 16

In the previous topic, students have studied about:

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 17

 In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by

 It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have same

 However, there is no restriction to the phase of injected emf.

 If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the rotor induced

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 18

 Power transferred from stator to rotor is,

 represents the mechanical power developed and slip power

 Instead of wasting the slip power in the rotor circuit, it can be

 The most useful method of recovering the slip power and

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 19

 For the rotor circuit shown here,

 Case-I: An emf is injected in phase opposition to rotor emf

 Since the load torque is constant and developed torque decreased.

 For the rotor circuit shown here,

 Case-II: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf

 Since the load torque is constant and developed torque increased.

 Due to reduction of Rotor current reduces till the developed torque

 For the rotor circuit shown here,

 Case-III: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf

 In order to maintain the current and to develop the torque equal to

 Hence the slip s reduces to zero and rotor runs at synchronous

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 22

 For the rotor circuit shown here,

 Case-IV: An emf () is injected in phase with rotor emf

 In order to maintain the current and to develop the torque equal to

 The slip s can be negative only if the rotor speed is above

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 23

 For the rotor circuit shown here,

CASE-I is in phase opposition Speed Decreases

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 24

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 25

Programme Outcomes (POs)

06/14/2023 Vikash Tiwari REE-064 (SEM) Unit 1 26

In the previous topic, students have studied about: