THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES,

METHODS, AND TOOLS IN

COUNSELING
GROUP - 4
 C O U N S E L O R S W O R K I N VA R I O U S S E T T I N G S
F R O M G O V E R N M E N T T O P R I VAT E S E C T O R S , T O C I V I L
S O C I E T Y TO S C H O O L S E T T I N G . D R AW I N G O N A W I D E
RANGE OF PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS,
COUNSELORS ARE TRAINED TO USE W H AT IS
A P P R O P R I AT E FOR THE SETTING AND R E L AT I V E TO
THEIR S P E C I A LT Y. THERE ARE CLASSICAL
APPROACHES INFORMED BY THEORIES TO
COUNSELING T H AT SCAFFOLD THEIR PROCESS AND
SELECTION OF METHODS AND TOOLS.
3 COUNSELING APPROACH

Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanistic Perspective

PSYCHOANALYSI
S
• Represented by Sigmund Freud
• A theory
psychotherapy,
of
and
personality,
method
an
of
approach to
investigation
founded by Sigmund Freud.
• The assumption is that there are inner battles that
are waged in a client that are directly responsible
for the appearance of symptoms and behavioral
problems.
• Emphasizes the role of early childhood
experiences.
• Early childhood experiences: dictate us of who we
are as an adult.
 BEHAVIORIS
M • behavior and mental processes are determined by our environment
• all psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive learning that all
behavior is learnt from our environment and symptoms are acquired through
classical and operant conditioning

• Classical conditioning
involves learning by association; introduced by
Ivan Pavlov
• Operant conditioning
involves learning by reinforcement;
introduced by B.F. Skinner
 The therapeutic techniques used in this type of treatment are action-
based and rooted in the theories of classical conditioning and operant
conditioning and utilize the same learning strategies that led to the
formation of unwanted behaviors. Behavioral therapy tends to be highly
focused on teaching clients new behaviors to minimize or eliminate the
issue.
 • behavior and mental processes are determined by
our need to fulfill our potential
• attempted to understand the conscious mind, free
will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-
reflection and growth
• the human potential for change requires only
exercise of the distinctively human capacities for
choice, creativity, and drive toward self-
actualization
PERSPECTIVE
HUMANISTIC

• humanistic therapeutic models are rooted in

insight and focus on self-development, growth,
and responsibilities
• they seek to gain self-empowerment by
recognizing their strengths, creativity and choice
in the given circumstances
 THE SETTINGS
IN COUNSELING
GOVERNMENT
SETTING
Work with the various government agencies that have
counseling services such as social welfare, correctional
department, the court system, child and women affairs services,
military, police, hospitals, foster homes, and rehabilitation
centers.
PRIVATE
SECTORS
SETTING
Counselors range from independent providers of services or
work for NGOs, or specialized for profit centers and organizations
that render a variety of counseling services.
 CIVIL
SOCIETY
SETTING
The context of civil society is generally
charities or non-profit and issue-based centers
or organizations such as for abused women,
abandoned children and elderly, veterans,
teachers, professionals or religious groups.
 Has the greatest and widest application of counseling
services considering the diversity of people. There are
people who are in conflict with the law, socially
marginalized, people who suffer loss of all kind, those
living in institutional homes, and those experiencing
different life transitions.

COMMUNIT
Y SETTING
 SCHOOL
SETTING
In the school setting, the role of
school counselor is more complex
since the needs of students can vary
widely.
THANK YOU !
GROUP - 4