COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTEMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE TITLE :MACHINE ELEMENT-I
COURSE CODE: MEng/2122/
STUDENT NAME :AYALSEW DIRESS
ID NO : RNSc/0115/2013 E.C

SUBMITED TO : MSc ASHAGRE

SUBMITED DATE : 30/09/2015
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GAMBELLA ETHIOPIA
 Table of content

 Introduction
 Types of joints

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 Introduction
• Introduction Mechanical joints or fasteners are used for making
connections between different elements of machine or structure.
• A machine or a structure is made of a large number of parts and
they need be joined suitably for the machine to operate
satisfactorily.
• In manufacturing industries, joining of two or more components
is necessary for assembly purposes. Joining makes the
production system more reliable, efficient and profitable.
• In fact, joining can be defined as one of the manufacturing
processes by which two or more solid components can be
assembled together.

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 Types of joints
Mechanical joints are broadly classified into following two categories:
1. Permanent joints.
Permanent joints can not be easily disassembled without damaging
the connecting elements.
Different types of permanent joints are welded joints, brazed joints,
soldered joints, adhesive joints, riveted joints and interference joints.
2. Temporary or detachable joints .
Temporary joints can be easily disassembled without damaging the
connecting elements.
Different types of detachable joints are threaded joints, pin joints,
cotter joints and key joints.

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 Difference between permanent and
temporary joints
Permanent Joint Temporary Joint
• Permanent joints don’t • Temporary joints allow easy
dismantling of assembled components
allow dismantling of without breaking them.
assembled components • Temporary joints are not necessarily
without rupturing them. leak-proof.
• Permanent joints are • Strength of temporary joint is
comparatively is less.
usually leak-proof.
• It facilitates fast easy and cost
• Strength of permanent joint efficient inspection. No destructive
is high. Usually joint testing is required for inspection of
strength is same with that joints.
of the components. ..

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• As permanent joints cannot
be disassembled easily, so
inspection is difficult and
costly. Often destructive
testing is carried out, which
damages the assembled
structures.
• Repair and replacement are
difficult and costly.
• Permanent joints are
suitable for such
applications where
separation is usually not
desired in the service life.
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• Repair and replacement are
also easy.
• Temporary joints are suitable
where frequent separation of
assembled components is
required.
• Examples of various
temporary joints:
 Fasteners
 Press fit
 Cotter joints
 Knuckle joints, etc.
6
• Examples of various
permanent joints:
 Welding
 Brazing and soldering
 Riveting
 Adhesive joining

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 Riveting
Rivets are used to join two sheets or plates of metal together.
There are four main types of rivets: snap head, mushroom, pan
head, countersunk, and the operation with join by rivets
including;
1. The rivet is placed into a tool called a dolly that is held in a
vice.
2. The plates are then placed over the rivet.
3. The rivet set is then placed over the rivet and pressed down to
ensure that there are no gaps between the sheets/plates of metal.
4. The rivet set is tapped with a ball pain hammer.
This closes any gaps and starts to form the rivet joint.
The ball pain hammer is then reversed to form the head of the
rivet. . The final stage is using a rivet snap to form a
similar shaped dome on both sides of the joint.
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Important Terms Used in Riveted Joints
The following terms in connection with the riveted joints are
important from the subject point of view :
1. Pitch. It is the distance from the Centre of one rivet to the
Centre of the next rivet measured parallel to the seam.
 It is usually denoted by p.
2. Back pitch. It is the perpendicular distance between the Centre
lines of the successive rows .
 It is usually denoted by Pb.
3. Diagonal pitch. It is the distance between the Center's of the
rivets in adjacent rows of zigzag riveted joint .
 It is usually denoted by pd .
4. Margin or marginal pitch. It is the distance between the
Centre of rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate.
 It is usually denoted by m.BY:AYALSEW
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 Types of riveted joint
The following are the two types of riveted ,depending up on the
way in which the plates are connected.
Lap Joint
A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the
two plates are then riveted together.
Butt Joint
A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept in alignment
butting (i.e. touching) each other and a cover plate (i.e. strap) is
placed either on one side or on both sides of the main plates.
The cover plate is then riveted together with the main plates.
Butt joints are of the following two types :
1. Single strap butt joint, and
2. 2. Double strap butt joint
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 Failures of a Riveted Joint
A riveted joint may fail in the following ways:
1. Tearing of the plate at an edge.
2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.
3. Shearing of the rivets.
4. Crushing of the plate or rivets.

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Welding
the process of joining two similar or dissimilar materials by
application of heat, with or without the application of pressure
and with or without the use of filler metal.
Welding is a material joining process in which two or more parts
are assembled (joined together) at their contacting surfaces by a
suitable application of heat and/or pressure. Sometimes parts are
united together by application of pressure only without external
heat and/or pressure.

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Types of Welded Joints
Following two types of welded joints are important from the
subject point of view:
1. Lap joint or fillet joint, and
2. Butt joint. .
The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the
plates and then welding the edges of the plates.
The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The
fillet joints may be
1. Single transverse fillet, .
2. Double transverse fillet, and
3. Parallel fillet joints.

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 Welding Joint Stress
Welding joint stresses are difficult to determine because of the
variable and unpredictable parameters. Those parameters are
homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, heat
treatment due to the Heat affected zones, and changes of physical
properties due to the high rate of cooling. The Welding joint
stresses can be obtained by assuming the following assumptions
while the welded joint is under load.

 The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the

weld.
 The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section.
The following table shows the allowable stresses for welded
joints for joining ferrous metals with mild steel electrodes
under steady and fatigue or reversed load.
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 Stress Concentration Factor for welded
joints
Stress concentration occurs due to irregular stress
distribution. This irregular stress distribution occurs in a
welding joint due to the irregular welded joint.
The reinforcement provided to the weld produces stress
concentration at the junction of the weld and the parent
metal. When the parts are subjected to fatigue loading, the
stress concentration factor for different welding joints.

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 Type of Welding Joint

Stress Concentration
Factor

Reinforced butt Joint 1.2

Toe of Transverse Fillet Joint 1.5

End of Parallel Filled Weld 2.7

T-Butt Joint with a sharp corner 2

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