REVIEWER IN MEDIA AND

INFORMATION LITERACY
(4 T H QUARTER)

Prepared by:
MIL Teachers 2K23
CITIZEN JOURNALISM

• The gathering and reporting of news by people who are

not trained as professional journalists (Hermans, Vergeer
and D'Haenens, 2009.)
• The act in which a citizen, or group of citizens play an
active role in the process of collecting, reporting,
analyzing and disseminating news and information with
the intention of providing independent, reliable, accurate,
wide-ranging and relevant information that is required for
democracy and development (Bowman and Willis, 2003)
CITIZEN JOURNALISM

• An alternative and activist form of news gathering and

reporting that functions outside mainstream media
institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the
professional journalistic field, which uses similar journalistic
practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and
relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or
mainstream journalism (Lievrouw, 2013).
• The instance when the people, otherwise known as the
audience, employ the press tools they have in their possession
to inform one another. (Rosen, 2008)
 empowers anybody through modern
CITIZEN technology and connectivity to create, enhance
JOURNALISM or verify media on their own or with others
 PROS CONS
Pros and Cons of Citizen Journalism
1. Provides different 1. Bias in reporting the news
perspectives

2. Easy access to current events 2. Libel Law Training

3. Assist professional journalist 3. Copyright issues can be

overlooked

Pros and Cons of Citizen Journalism | Vision Launch Media

 • Gather information on the wrongdoings of
individuals in authority and give it to the
public so that the public may comprehend
Watchdog what is going on in society and put a stop to
wrongdoings
Journalists
• It frequently serves as the fourth estate.
• It provides an independent check on the
government and other powerful institutions.
Journalists as Watchdogs

Work Freedom Power

 • Virtual version of face-to-face
selling
The Online
• Electronic version of
Selling
Phenomenon purschasing
• Traditional shopping channel
to online platforms
• Time for E-COMMERCE
Electronic Commerce
(e-Commerce)
• Electronic commerce referst o companies
and individuals that buy and sell goods
and services over the internet.
(investopedia.com)
• Maintaining relationship and conducting
business transactions that include selling
information, services, and goods by means
of computer telecommunications networks
• Characterized by:
The exchange of Digitied Information between parties
About technology-enabled transactions
TOURISM
Tourism
• Because of empowering the use
of social media, tourist
destinations can easily be found.
• Instagrammable pics for tourists’
spot can easily be identifies
because of the ONLINE
TOURIST DESTINATION
GUIDE
10 New Paradigm of Communication in the
Digital Age
1. From Audience to User  user centered
2. From Media to Content  media convergence
3. Form Monomedia to Multimedia  (online media are multimedia and
multimedia is a new language)
4. From Periodicity to Real-Time  dynamism and new converational styles
[ability to interact in real-time]
5. From Scarcity to Abundance  from scarce resource to overflowing information
10 New Paradigm of Communication in the
Digital Age
6. From Editor-mediated to Non-mediated  publishing without eitors, just close
peer review
7. From Distribution to Access  user centered paradigm where anyone can
access info
8. From One-way to Interactivity  (1st level  possibility for the user to choose
format of information; 2nd level  possibility for the user to produce input for
a system; 3rd level  possibility for the user to communicate with other users
10 New Paradigm of Communication in the
Digital Age
9. From Linear to Hypertext  grammar of the digital world
where linked word/s have more information to show that is
related to the topic.
10.From Data to Knowledge  roel of media as social managers of
knowledge
TRENDS IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

• Haptics technology • Internet glass

• Contextual awareness • Wearable technology
• Voice and Tone Recognition
• Intelligent routing device
• Eye tracking technology
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

• Oblinger (2013) – We are no longer in the

information age; we are in the connected age. It is
because the network effect is about more than the
dissemination of information, it is about
connections.
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY
1. Improve quality of life
-communication
-access in information
-conducting research has become more convenient
-enterntainment content for everyone
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY
2. Greater political participation
- public information
- serves as the eyes and ears of the masses in the government
- public encouraged to take more active role in the
government
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY
3. Promotes economic opportunities
- new media has made it possible for ordinary
individuals to offer their materials for consumption often
for free or at times for a cost.
-creation of more jobs
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY
4. Improvement of learning environment
-made learning easy, accessible, and inexpensive
-does not force feed information to unwilling receivers,
instead, media has made information sought after.
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY
5. Individuals can be more cohesive social units
-power to affect social change
-individuals who developed clamoring need for change.
Categorization of Text Media
• FORMAL Example of these are news articles, published books, newspapers,
magazines, advertisements, research works, etc. Formal text-based materials are
created and distributed by established institutions (such as publishing companies,
news agencies, etc.) and go through a rigorous process of editing or evaluation
and are usually governed by censorship of the state.
• INFORMAL Examples of these are blogs, personal e-mails, SMS or text
messages, online messengers, social media platforms, etc. They come from
personal opinions or views on different issues, processes, etc
Design Principles and Elements
• Emphasis • Organization
• Appropriateness • Repetition
• Proximity • Contrast
• Alignment
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Design Principles and Elements
Audio Media
• SOUND – essential component of media
• Types of sounds used in multimedia (Marshall 2001)
1. Music
2. Sound Effects
3. Narration
1. MUSIC - Often elicits emotions and
arousal from listeners (Calvert – 2014)
2. SOUND EFFECTS – makes specific
points, provides setting in the absence of
visuals
2. SOUND EFFECTS
a. Hard sound - actual
b. Foley sound – created to be like the
original
c. Background sound – ambiance setting
d. Design sound – ex. synthesizer
3. NARRATION – spoken message
that often gives most direct
information.
a. Fully-voiced Reading (solo narration)
b. Partially-voiced Reading (solo
narration)
3. NARRATION – spoken message
that often gives most direct
information.
c. Unvoiced Reading (solo narration)
d. Multicast Readings / Full Cast Readings
(duet narration)
Audio File Formats
• 7 Popular audio file format types (Schmidt 2020)
1. M4A mpeg-4 audio file
2. FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
compressed audio file (smaller than the original)
3. MP3 mpeg audio layer 3 (audio)
Audio File Formats
• 7 Popular audio file format types (Schmidt 2020)
4. MP4 audio file type (audio, video and other media)
5. WAV waveform audio file stores waveform data
6. WMA (Windows Media Audio) windows-based alternative (mp3)
7. AAC (Advance Audio Coding)high quality sound and enhanced
using advanced coding
Audio File Formats
Motion Media
• Nashville Film Institute (2020) – Purposes of movement in a
video
1. Creating dynamic scenes
2. Influencing audiences’ emotional reactions
3. Directing audiences’ attention
4. Controlling reveals
Basic Camera Movement
• CAMERA – basic equipment to record
movement.
• Clark (2016) mentions six (6) basic movements
that are doable even with minimal equipment.
 Basic Camera Movement
1. DOLLY - The name
comes from the tracks be
laid down for the heavy
camera to move along
 Basic Camera Movement
2. PEDESTAL - Moving
the camera up or down
without changing its
vertical or horizontal axis
 Basic Camera Movement
3. TRUCK - It is like
dollying, but it involves
motion left or right; often
used during action
sequences
 Basic Camera Movement
d) PAN - Moving the
camera lens to one side or
another, as if you are
looking from left to right
or vice versa
 Basic Camera Movement
5. TILT - Moving the
cameras lens up or down
while keeping its
horizontal axis constant,
as if you are nodding
 Basic Camera Movement
6. ROLL - Moving the
camera onto its side is a
roll, the way a dog does
when he doesn't
understand.
Useful Camera Movement
Styles
7. ZOOM - This technique allows you to
move closer (zoom in) or farther an object
(zoom out) without physically moving the
camera (Leu, 2020).
Useful Camera Movement
Styles
8. FOLLOWING SHOT - This is a type of
tracking shot in which the camera
continuously follows the subject’s action.
(Leu, 2020)
Primary Dimensions of Media and Information

• Text  gmail, twitter, wattpad

• Visual  Pinterest, Instagram
• Audiospotify, viber
• Motion youtube
• Manipulative Talking tom, mobile legends
Stages of Production in Multimedia

1. Pre-Production Stage 3. Post-Production Stage

• Planning Meeting • Review and Editing
• Creative Brief and Script Writing • User Testing
• Storyboarding

2. Production Stage
• Production and Designing the Visual
Aspects
Coiro (2017) foru dimensions of critical evaluation
1. Relevance: the information’s level fo importance to a particular
purpose or explicitly stated need for that information
Example: In many ways, the biggest question that emerges from the
deployment ban [of Filipino health workers] is whether health workers are
truly human resources that the Philippine government intends to retain and
uphold, or simply like the masks and personal protective equipment stockpiled
in national reserves — important in times of emergency yet discarded once
used. (Ortiga, 2020)
Coiro (2017) four dimensions of critical evaluation
2. Accuracy: the extent to which information contains factual and updated
details that can be verified by consulting alternative and/or primary sources
Example: Much of the data in this publication was collected before the virus hit
many of the countries featured in this survey, so to a large extent this represents a
snapshot of these historic trends. But to get a sense of what has changed, we
repeated key parts of our survey in six countries (UK, USA, Germany, Spain, South
Korea, and Argentina) in early April. These responses confirm industry data which
show increased consumption of traditional sources of news, especially television,
but also some online news sources. (Newman, 2020)
Coiro (2017) four dimensions of critical evaluation
3. Bias/Perspective: the position or slant toward which an author
shapes information
Example: Members of the Flat Earth Society claim to believe the
Earth is flat. Walking around on the planet's surface, it looks and
feels flat, so they deem all evidence to the contrary, such as satellite
photos of Earth as a sphere, to be fabrications of a "round Earth
conspiracy" orchestrated by NASA and other government agencies.
(Wolchover, 2017)
Coiro (2017) four dimensions of critical evaluation
4. Reliability: the informations’ level of trustworthiness based in
information about the author and the publishing body.
Example: Outdoor air pollution is a risk to children, especially with
growing rates of urbanization in high-burden pneumonia countries.
But indoor air pollution –generated by unclean fuels for cooking and
heating –poses a greater global threat. Indoor pollution contributes to
62 per cent of air pollution-related child pneumonia deaths.
(UNICEF, 2020)
Photo Essay
• Photo essays tell a story in pictures
• A photographic essay is a form of visual storytelling, a way to
present a narrative through a series of images
• Photo Essay Examples
• Day-in-the-life photo essay
• Historic site photo essay
• Behind-the-scenes photo essay
• Local event photo essay
Photo Essay Example
• Day-in-the-life photo essay - tell the story of a day in the
life of a particular subject
• Historic site photo essay - Taking pictures of historic
landmarks offers a variety of different perspectives—the use
of unique angles, depths, and lighting
Photo Essay Example
• Behind-the-scenes photo essay - Behind-the-scenes photo
essays are great ways to capture what goes into events from
start to finish
• Local event photo essay- Local events like fundraisers, art
shows, or festivals are great places to document a photography
project.
How to create a photo essay
1. Tell a diverse, confident
story
2. Make sure you have a
wide variety of images
3. Be ruthless photo editor
4. Choose your top 10
images
5. Ask for outside input
6. Make your final decision
7. Write captions
Poster Design
• Starts with a common canvas
• Common poster sizes
• 8.5” x 11” (letter)
• 8.25” x 11.25” (A4)
• 11” x 17” and 22” x34”
• 24” x 36” (Large format)
Vlogging Tips for Beginners
• Keep your videos interesting
• Plan activities and promote them
• Collaborate with other vloggers
• Ask viewers for recommendations
• Edit your video
• Mix life into your niche
• Set a goal for yourself
• Be consistent
• Interact with your viewers
• Participate in trends
• Give your channel a weekly theme/series
• Practice, practice, practice