The Structures

of Academic
Texts
The Problem – and – Solution Structure
• The problem – and – solution structure also
proposes an argument but presents in a different
pattern.
• The author presents the over-all solution as the
main argument or the thesis statement.
• One pattern is by providing an over-all solution to
the problems at the introductory part before
presenting the problems as the supporting details.
• Another way is by presenting one or more problems
at the beginning and present the solution at the end.
Component of the Problem-
and-Solution Structure

Introductio
01
n
03 Conclusion

02 Body
 I - Introduction - the author
presents an overall solution or one
or more major problems with a
subject.
II – Body – contains the following points:
 First Point (problem #1): presents the problem alone or a
combination of problem in detail and a possible
solution. Again, each paragraph or point contains a topic
sentence.
 Second Point ( Problem #2) : second problem in detail or a
combination of problem and possible solutions.
 Third, fourth, fifth points, etc.
 Final Solution/Resolution of problems – an explanation why a
final solution seems impossible.
III - Conclusion - the final paragraph
which discusses the final
argumentative conclusion
Context clues
 are hints found within a sentence,
paragraph, or passage that a reader can
use to understand the meanings of new or
unfamiliar words.
There are several different
types of context clues. Some
of them are:
 1. Definition / Description Clue

• The new term may be formally defined,

or sufficient explanation may be given
within the sentence or in the following
sentence. Clues to definition include
“that is,” commas, dashes, and
parentheses.
Examples
⇨ a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to
see. “Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”
⇨
⇨ b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common
practice. The commas before and after “examination with a
fluoroscope” point out the definition of “fluoroscopy.”
⇨
⇨ c. The dudeen – a short-stemmed clay pipe – is found in Irish folk tales.
The dashes setting off “a short-stemmed clay pipe” point out the
definition of “dudeen.”
 2. Example Clues

• Sometimes when a reader finds a new

word, an example might be found
nearby that helps to explain its
meaning. Words like including, such as,
and for example, point out
example clues.
Examples
⇨ a. Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and trout, live in the
coldest parts of the ocean. “Piscatorial”
obviously refers to fish.
⇨
⇨ b. Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated
man through the centuries. “Celestial” objects are those in the
sky or heavens.
⇨
⇨ c. In the course of man’s evolution, certain organs have atrophied. The
appendix, for example, has wasted away from disuse.
“Atrophied” means “wasted away.”
 3. Synonym Restatement Clue

• The reader may discover the meaning

of an unknown word because it repeats
an idea expressed in familiar words
nearby. Synonyms are words with the
same meaning.
Examples
⇨ a. Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new Miss
America began her year-long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes
for the rest of the evening. “Cynosure” means “the focus of all
attention.”

⇨ b. The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a
snake around the trees of the mountainside. “Tortuous”
means “winding and twisting.”
 4. Contrast / Antonym Clue

• Antonyms are words with opposite

meanings. An opposite meaning context
clue Contrasts the meaning of
an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a
familiar term. Words like “although,”
“however,” and “but” may signal contrast
clues.
Examples
⇨ a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract;
however, when it grows darker, they dilate.
“Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”

⇨ b. The children were as different as day and night. He was a lively

conversationalist, but she was reserved and taciturn.
“Taciturn” means the opposite of a “lively conversationalist.”
 5. Mood / Tone Clue

• The author sets a mood, and the

meaning of the unknown word
must harmonize with the mood.
Examples
⇨ a. The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched
the dreary whistling of the wind in all
but-deserted cemetery.
“Lugubrious,” which means “sorrowful,” fits
into the mood set by the words “wails,”
“dreary,” and “deserted cemetery.”
 6. Experience Clue

• Sometimes a reader knows from

experience how people or things
act in a given situation.
Examples
⇨ a. During those first bewildering weeks, the thoughts of
a college freshman drift back to high school
where he was “in,” knew everyone, and felt at home. A
feeling of nostalgia sweeps over him.
⇨
⇨ b. She walked away from her closet and quickly
slipped a jersey over her head. She smoothed
it into place over her hips, added a belt, glanced at the
mirror, and left for work.
 7. Analysis or Structure Clue

• The parts used to construct a word can be

direct clues to meaning. Knowledge of
prefixes, roots, and suffixes can aid a reader in
using this type of context clue. Learning
one word part can add dozens of words to a
reader’s vocabulary. The power of word
parts lies in the ability to combine the roots and
affixes with the context in which a word is
used to discover the author’s meaning.
Examples
⇨ a. The story is incredible. The root cred means “to believe,’
and the prefix in means “not.” Therefore, if a story is
incredible, it is unbelievable.
⇨
⇨ b. The somnambulist had to be locked in his bedroom at night
for his own safety. If a reader knows the meaning of
ambular (walk) and somn (sleep) and sees the sentence,
the reader may realize that a “somnambulist” is a sleepwalker.
Sufficient clues might be available for the careful
reader to make an educated guess at the meaning.
 9. Cause And Effect Clue

• The author explains the reason for or the result

of the word. Words like “because,”
“since,” “therefore,” “thus,” “so,” etc. may signal
context clues.
The Factual – Report
Structure
Examples
⇨ a. She wanted to impress all her dinner guests
with the food she served, so she carefully
studied the necessary culinary arts.
“Culinary” means “food preparation.”
Component of Factual –
Report Structure

I – Introduction – II – Body - contains III – Conclusion –

contains the main several paragraphs the final summary
subject presented which provide of the subject .
in the first explanatory
paragraph of a details about the
thesis statement.
web page, a short
report or other
text.
GRAMMAR BUILDER

The present perfect continuous tense describes

actions or situations that developed in the past and have
continued in the moment of speaking. This tense often
implies that the action or situation will continue in the
future. Without time expressions, the present perfect
continuous refers to a general activity that began in
the past and has continued to the present.
GRAMMAR BUILDER

The present perfect tense describes actions

that developed in the past and that have
continued in the future. It refers to actions or
situations that occurred at an unspecified time
in the past.
 ANY
QUESTIONS
CLASS??
 ANY
QUESTIONS
CLASS??
 ANY
QUESTIONS
CLASS??
After school activities
Activities Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri

Soccer

Basketball

Music

Swimming

Art
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired.”

–Someone Famous
Notes
Venus Jupiter
Venus is the second It’s the biggest planet in
planet from the Sun the Solar System

Mars Saturn
Despite being red, Mars Saturn is a gas giant and
is a cold place has several rings
Schedule
Mo
Time Tue Wed Thu Fri
n Venus
10:00 Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
12:00

14:00

16:00
Mars
Despite being red, Mars
18:00 is a cold place

20:00
>
Goals 03
You can enter a subtitle here if
you need it
Special classes of the week
Wednesday Saturday
Jupiter is the biggest Mars is actually a
planet very cold place

Class 01 Class 02 Class 03 Class 04

Monday Friday
Mercury is the Neptune is very far
smallest planet from the Sun
Tasks
Venus To do Doing Done
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

Jupiter
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System
A picture is worth a
thousand words
Goal tracker

Goal M T W T F S S

Write you goal here

Write you goal here

Write you goal here

Computer
You can replace the image on the
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965,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
Organize your time!

60%
Of the day for homework
40%
Of the day for playtime
Piggy bank tracker
Venus
$97 Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Mars
$30 Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

Jupiter
$55 It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new
one here. For more info, click here
Contacts

Name Dominic Star

Email dominicstar@freepik.com Phone 0034 600 123 456

Name Ashley Samah

Email ashleysm@freepik.com Phone 0124 400 768 911

 9h55m23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
386,00km The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s
Distance from Earth to the Moon
 Best day of the year
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long text.
Your audience will appreciate it
Road trip plan

Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
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